China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Physiology of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
There are three types of epithelium in the nose: Stratified squamous epithelium covering nasal vestibule containing vibrissae, sweat glands.Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium covers the majority of the nasal cavity and contains ciliated and non-ciliated columnar cells, mucin-secreting goblet cells and basal cells.Olfactory neuroepithelium is located along the upper one-third of septum, medial superior/supreme turbinates and roof of nasal cavity.
Hair Types and Subtypes in the Laboratory Mouse
Published in John P. Sundberg, Handbook of Mouse Mutations with Skin and Hair Abnormalities, 2020
John P. Sundberg, Margaret E. Hogan
Vibrissae are also known as sinus hair follicles, tactile hair follicles, or by the lay term of whiskers. Most mammals, except humans, have these types of hair follicles.14 There are three types of vibrissae in the mouse: primary (mystacial vibrissae),15 secondary (supraorbital, postorbital, inter-ramal, and ulnar-carpal vibrissae),15 and supernumerary (supernumerary whiskers).16 These are the largest hairs of the mouse and are easily observed at the gross level as the very long hairs extending from the muzzle, forming even rows where they emerge. The organizational patterns of primary and supernumerary vibrissae vary between strains and have been used to define some of the factors involved in the formation of brain maps and genetic differences.15,17–19 These specialized hairs reside in a large blood-filled sinus (Figure 5) with neuronal innervation that runs via the trigeminal nerve to the brain into a large field known as the barrelfield in the somato-sensory cortex.15,20,21 In rodents, particularly mice, the barrelfields increase in size following various forms of stimulation.22–25 Conversely, removal or clipping of vibrissae results in loss or reduced activity of corresponding sites in the somato-sensory cortex.26–28
Hairlessness and Metabolic Compensations
Published in Miroslav Holub, Immunology of Nude Mice, 2020
The development of vibrissae as a tactile sense organ is connected with complicated nerve fibers ending in and around the follicles, each sinus hair is represented in the somato-sensory cortex of the brain by a neuronal aggregation (“barrel”). Interestingly, in the nude and hairless (hr/hr) mice the barrels representing labial hair are diminished in numbers, the number of hair follicles, however, is normal.5
To explore the change of motor cognitive function in pituitary tumor rats after operation
Published in Computer Assisted Surgery, 2023
Hu Chang-Wei, Ya-Bing Li, Xiao-Yong Han, Gang-Feng Yin, Xi-Rui Wang
[1] Pick up the rat and hold the rat’s torso with the thumb and forefinger around the rat’s forearm. Lightly brush the rat’s hind limbs between the first and second digits. After contact, the normal rats would show the grasping reaction of the hind limbs, which was counted as 1 point. No response indicates the presence of injury, and the score is 0. Each rat was tested 3 times and the total score was recorded. Bilateral hind limb tests score out of 6 [2]. Vibrissae-evoked forelimb placing. The rat trunk and hind limbs were fixed. Then the antennae of the rats were placed in contact with the edge of the plate-like platform to induce the positioning response of forelimb extension. Reaction within 5 s indicating good reflection, which counted as 1 point. No response or failure to locate, which counted as 0 points. Each rat was tested by 3 times, with a maximum score of 6 [3]. Lateral stepping. The function of all limbs of rats was examined. The rats were placed in the center of a circular table, and the rats were allowed to perceive the change of position by the touch of their limbs. The rats were slowly pushed to the side in the opposite direction of each limb movement to observe the adjustment of their gait. The normal rats were able to adjust their gait repeatedly, which counted as 1 point. If not, which counted as 0 point. All limbs were tested by three times, with a maximum score of 12.
High fructose diet-induced obesity worsens post-ischemic brain injury in the hippocampus of female rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2022
P. A. Pérez-Corredor, J. A. Gutiérrez-Vargas, L. Ciro-Ramírez, Norman Balcazar, G. P. Cardona-Gómez
The animals were evaluated 6, 24 and 48 h after the 2VO surgery (sham control (n = 6), sham HFD (n = 7), ischemia control (n = 8) and ischemia HFD (n = 6)). Neurological evaluation was scored on an 18-point scale [22]. The evaluation was divided into six independent tests scored from 0 to 3 to determine the following parameters: 1. cage exploration and spontaneous activity, 2. limb movement symmetry, 3. forepaw outstretching, 4. climbing, 5. body proprioception, and 6. response to vibrissae touching. The highest possible score in the tests was 18, which indicated there were no neurological deficits, while the lowest score was 3, which indicated the most severe impairment. The neurological evaluation was performed every day and in the same order in all animals. The exclusion criteria were applied to the animals with anesthesia effects at 6 h (three sham control animals and three sham HFD animals).
The expression of voltage-gated sodium channels in trigeminal nerve following chronic constriction injury in rats
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2019
Mingxing Liu, Jun Zhong, Lei Xia, Ningning Dou, Shiting Li
Two weeks after the surgery, the animal was placed in individual plastic cages and allowed to adapt to the environment for at least 1 hour. The mechanical pain threshold was tested 1 day before and up to 21 days after the surgery using 20 von Frey filaments (NorthCoast, USA). The filaments produced bending forces of 0.008, 0.02, 0.04, 0.07, 0.16, 0.4, 0.6, 1.0, 1.4, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10.0, 15.0, 26.0, 60.0, 100, 180, 300 g. Each filament was applied to the point of bending near the center of the vibrissa pad. The pad was stimulated three times at 30 seconds intervals on the nerve-injured side, for a total of six applications per rat for each filament. Each stimulation series began with the filament that produced the lowest force and the process was repeated with filaments of increasing stiffness until a filament induced one of the following nocifensive behaviors twice: brisk head withdrawal, escape or attack reactions, or short-lasting facial grooming. To avoid nonspecific responses, only rats that did not react to application of the 15 g filament in the preoperative tests were included in this study. According to previous studies, only those with the pain threshold lower than 2 g were regarded as a successful trigeminal neuralgia model [33, 35].