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Feminine Hygiene Considerations for the Space Environment
Published in Diana L. Taylor, Nancy F. Woods, Menstruation, Health, and Illness, 2019
Brown (1979), as part of her work on the anthropometric and physiological differences between males and females, also addressed personal hygiene considerations needed for female crew members to live in space. Brown interviewed the first 21 female candidates for the Astronaut Corps, of which 6 were later selected to be America’s first female astronauts. The personal hygiene and related areas addressed in Brown’s study were management of menses, shaving leg and underarm hair, and design of waste management facilities including urine collection in the spacesuit. Twenty of the 21 candidates used tampons exclusively and had a preferred brand. This finding was consistent with a larger study conducted by Consumer Reports (“Menstrual Tampons,” 1978) in which 65% of the women surveyed used tampons.
The endocrine system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
The adrenal gland is the major source of androgens in females. These hormones stimulate pubic and axillary (underarm) hair development in pubertal females. In pathological conditions where adrenal androgens are overproduced, masculinization of females may occur.
Pediculosis pubis
Published in Shiv Shanker Pareek, The Pictorial Atlas of Common Genito-Urinary Medicine, 2018
Pediculosis pubis is caused by pubic lice, also called crab lice and commonly referred to as ‘crabs’. They are tiny, six-legged parasitic insects approximately 2 mm to 3 mm in length, which infest pubic hair and lay eggs, called ‘nits’, on the hair shafts. The eggs hatch in 7 to 10 days. Pediculosis pubis may be present in other body hair, such as underarm hair, eyebrows, and rarely in eyelashes. Infestation of the eyelashes is called phthiriasis palpebrarum. Crab lice are sucking parasites which must feed on blood several times a day in order to survive.
Removing the apocrine sweat glands with nasal endoscope assisted suction cutter: a new technique in the treatment of axillary odor
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Zhiqiang Wang, Ruike Cao, Quan Liu, Yan Hu, Qi Zhao, Linlin Liu, Ran Du
In terms of postoperative satisfaction, we adopted the subdivision method to evaluate not only the satisfaction of efficacy, but also the major complications. Although this criterion is not necessarily objective, it can still reflect the gap between preoperative psychological expectation and postoperative reality. The satisfaction rate of patients in the endoscopic group for surgical effect, control of sweat secretion and control of scar was higher than that in the trimming group. As for the problem of postoperative hair loss, since part of the underarm hair follicles will be scraped during the surgical operation, the postoperative axillary hair loss should be explained to the patient before the operation, and the consent form should be signed. All women wanted to lose armpit hair, most men didn’t care about hair loss, and a few wanted to keep it. The operation can achieve the double effects of both treatment and depilation; The majority of patients were satisfied with the subjective evaluation of depilation.
Efficacy of lasers and light sources in long-term hair reduction: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2022
A. Krasniqi, D. P. McClurg, K. J. Gillespie, S. Rajpara
There have been many non-RCTs (39–45) and RCTs (38,46–51) on the efficacy of laser and IPL-based hair removal previously, most of which only follow participants short term (39,41,42,45). There is evidence that some trial (51) definitions of “long-term” hair reduction fail to take into account the site-specific periods of hair growth cycles of the areas they measured long-term hair reduction for. An RCT by Handrick et al. (51) targeted underarm hair with follow-up 6 months from last treatment; however, the growth-cycle for under-arm hair has been found to be 7 months (22); therefore, follow-up at 6 months cannot provide a true measure of “long-term” hair reduction. There was heterogeneity in body site treated in some trials including Lin et al. (41), who compared 694 nm Ruby with 800 nm Diode and targeted abdomen, buttock, back, shoulder, forearm, upper arm, thigh, and lower leg. As these areas have different growth-cycle lengths, it is difficult to compare long-term efficacy of devices. The trials implemented varying device parameters and treatment protocols with different numbers of treatment sessions at different intervals (weeks to months). There was also widespread variation in participant characteristics with regards to skin and hair color, anatomic region treated, and endocrine system function, which may also impact treatment outcomes. While all trials in this review only included people with dark hair and some even selected for this (32–34), a non-randomized trial by Rao et al. (43) found that participants with red or light-colored hair saw 5–15% less efficacy in hair reduction with any laser system used compared with dark-haired participants; thus, the findings from the small number of trials suitable for inclusion in this review are not generalizable to the wider population.
An evaluation of distal hair cortisol concentrations collected at delivery
Published in Stress, 2018
Olivia R. Orta, Shelley S. Tworoger, Kathryn L. Terry, Brent A. Coull, Bizu Gelaye, Clemens Kirschbaum, Sixto E. Sanchez, Michelle A. Williams
In our investigation of the concordance between HCC in proximal and distal hair segments, both presumed to reflect the first trimester of pregnancy, our study had some limitations. First, our study assessed all maternal characteristics once at enrollment. Therefore, any changes that occurred later in pregnancy, such as hair washing frequency and chemical treatment, were not accounted for. Second, it is possible that morphological changes in hair (such as increased thickness) may have occurred during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy, potentially affecting porosity and leaching of cortisol from hair segments. However, the impact of these changes on distal first trimester hair segments is likely minimal given that first trimester hair growth was already complete. Third, the timing between hair collections was not exactly 6 months for all participants. According to the average hair growth (1 cm/month), a 6-month window between the two hair collections would have resulted in optimal overlap of the 3 cm proximal and distal hair segments. Therefore, differences in time between hair collections may have impacted our findings. However, the mean timing between hair collections was 5.8 months (SD = 1.1), close to this optimal window of overlap. To investigate the extent to which timing between hair collections impacted our findings, we evaluated concordance among a subset collected 5–6 months apart (N = 58). In doing so, we observed stronger correlations (r = 0.37). Therefore, the timing between hair collections may have had some impact on our findings. However, the magnitude of this influence does not appear substantial (r = 0.27 among all participants versus r = 0.37 among this subset). Interestingly, slower underarm hair growth has been observed with pregnancy progression (Pecoraro, Astore, & Barman, 1971). While this is not a major concern given our focus on scalp hair, we provide it as potential evidence for the impacts of pregnancy on general hair growth. Fourth, our CV’s are on the higher end of the acceptable range. However, batch-corrected findings were very similar. Lastly, we cannot extrapolate our findings of poor concordance of distal and proximal segments to non-pregnant populations.