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Recent Discoveries of Natural Products as Antimicrobial Alternatives for Bovine Mastitis Treatment
Published in Mahendra Rai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Eco-Friendly Biobased Products Used in Microbial Diseases, 2022
Pâmella B. A. Domingues, João Paulo L. Morgado, Maria Aparecida S. Moreira, Valdir F. Veiga-Júnior, Fábio A. Pieri
According to clinical manifestations, mastitis can be classified into clinical or subclinical mastitis. Clinical mastitis in cattle affects the udder, causing inflammation with signs such as heat, swelling, discolouration and abnormal discharge. The infected animal may experience fever, loss of appetite and even death. In most cases of subclinical mastitis, there are no signs of inflammation or infection, but laboratory tests on milk samples enable the detection of high somatic cell counts, predominantly neutrophils, due to the host’s immune response to the infection, or positive gelation in the samples caused by the DNA of infiltrating somatic cells in the test referred to as the California Mastitis Test (CMT) (Pumipuntu et al. 2019).
Postpartum Management in Dairy Cows
Published in Juan Carlos Gardón, Katy Satué, Biotechnologies Applied to Animal Reproduction, 2020
Giovanni Gnemmi, Juan Carlos Gardón, Cristina Maraboli
Especially during the first part of lactation, the nutrients deviate greatly toward the udder. The metabolism of glucose is altered and, as a consequence of the resulting hypoglycemia, the mobilization of fat and protein reserves begins (LeBlanc, 2013, 2014). The cow loses weight and cows that cannot compensate for these imposing transitions can develop puerperal diseases, that is, retention of fetal membranes, puerperal metritis, ketosis, abomasal displacement, etc. (LeBlanc, 2013, 2014).
Impact of Probiotics on Animal Health
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Sabrina da Silva Sabo, Elías Figueroa Villalobos, Anna Carolina Meireles Piazentin, André Moreni Lopes, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira
For dairy cattle, the use of probiotics is related to the milk productivity and nutritional quality (Krehbiel et al. 2002, Xu et al. 2017). In addition to these targets, probiotics have been used to reduce the prevalence of metritis (Genís et al. 2018). Metritis is an inflammation of the uterus occurring due to bacterial infection during the first 21 days after calving (LeBlanc et al. 2008). Metritis affects up to 40% of dairy cows and it is usually treated with antibiotics (Genís et al. 2018). In spite of their effectiveness, there is an increasing concern about excessive use of antibiotics due to the aforementioned drawbacks. In this sense, researchers have been successfully using probiotics via intravaginal administration to prevent postpartum uterine infections and inflammation (Deng et al. 2015, 2016, Genís et al. 2016, 2017a,b, 2018). Another important and prevalent disease of dairy cattle is mastitis, defined as the inflammation of the mammary glands where the tissue of the udder is severely affected (Pellegrino et al. 2018). To avoid using antibiotics to control mastitis, researches have been evaluating the effect of probiotics and their bioproducts (bacteriocin, as example) to prevent and/or for treatment of this disease (Twomey et al. 2000, Bouchard et al. 2015, Pellegrino et al. 2018). For such approach, studies are purposing intramammary infusion of live probiotics cultures, associating the positive results with stimulation of the host intramammary immune system (Crispie et al. 2008, Klostermann et al. 2008, Pellegrino et al. 2018).
Revisiting techniques to evaluate drug permeation through skin
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Vamshi Krishna Rapalli, Arisha Mahmood, Tejashree Waghule, Srividya Gorantla, Sunil Kumar Dubey, Amit Alexander, Gautam Singhvi
Perfused skin models assess the topical absorption of the drug by considering the microcirculation and metabolism of perfusate. However, the effect of systemic absorption is not considered [10]. Perfused ear models obtained from hairless mice, pigs, and rabbits exhibit high permeability, due to which these models have been suggested as predictors of premature neonatal skin. Other commonly used isolated models are bovine udder, porcine forelimb, and porcine skin flap. The porcine skin flap is removed surgically from the abdomen, while bovine udder and porcine forelimb are obtained after sacrificing the animal [22]. Surgical isolation of a section from animal skin or organ along with vascular circulation is carried out. This ensures the canulization of the section for continuous sampling of the drug [10]. Since samples are withdrawn directly from the vascularized system, analysis of systemically available drugs becomes easy [22]. The perfusate is maintained in a tissue culture medium. The drug’s topical bioavailability is assessed by quantifying the drug in the surface washing of perfusate, skin sample by various analytical techniques (LC-MS, HPLC-MS), radiolabelling, or directly taking skin biopsy [10]. This technique mimics the in vivo effects of microcirculation and metabolism without systemic involvement. The preparation of the porcine skin flap is labor-intensive, which is the major disadvantage of this technique.
Nanoparticles for treatment of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2020
Samah Attia Algharib, Ali Dawood, Shuyu Xie
The cow with infected udder is complicated or even impossible to therapy positively due to: several types from the bacteria have the capability to produce various kinds from enzymes and toxins which lead to udder tissue damage and increase the ability of the microbes to the tissue; surviving of the microorganism in the keratin layer of the teat canal which acts as inhibitory in normal status; some strains have the protein A, this protein binds with Fc portion of the antibody; therefore, the bacteria persist unrecognizable to the neutrophil and it cannot phagocyte them; surviving and multiplication of the bacteria in the phagocytes; approximately 50% of S. aureus strains isolated from diseased cattle produce beta-lactamase; as well as, formation of micro-abscesses and atrophy of glandular tissue around the infected site. All these facts make the penetration of the antibiotics to the fibrous membranes is very complicated.
Origins of human milk microbiota: new evidence and arising questions
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Shirin Moossavi, Meghan B. Azad
The functional importance of the milk microbiota is poorly understood. In the dairy industry, the focus of milk microbiota research is heavily geared toward udder health and prevention of mastitis.17 In humans, it is often argued that breast milk not only provides nutrients to the infant, but also serves as a source of prebiotic oligosaccharides and probiotic bacteria contributing to the establishment of the infant gut microbiota.42 This probiotic hypothesis is largely based on comparative analyses identifying a few shared taxa between maternal milk and infant stool that are absent in the infant oral cavity.43,44 However, computational estimations suggest that only 20% of taxa in the infant gut microbiota are shared with breast milk.45 The infant oral microbiota is another possible source of seeding bacteria for the infant gut.46,47 It is suggested that oral microbiota could reach distal segments of the GI tract directly through swallowing saliva, or indirectly through retrograde inoculation of breast milk.44 There is also a theoretical possibility of bacterial exchange in the opposite direction, with milk bacteria seeding the oral cavity.44 Moreover, aspirations during breastfeeding could deliver bacteria to the infant respiratory system.48 Thus, through multiple possible mechanisms and origins, milk bacteria may colonize and/or functionally influence the infant gut, oral cavity and respiratory tract. We did not assess the infant microbiota in our milk microbiota study,6 but these data are available for the CHILD cohort and we are currently undertaking an integrated analysis of milk, stool and nasal microbiota.