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Anatomy and Physiology of Hearing
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Ananth Vijendren, Peter Valentine
The afferent auditory pathway involves spiral ganglion central axons projecting via the cochlear nerve, into the cochlear nucleus of the brainstem. From here auditory information is conveyed bilaterally to the superior olivary nuclei (SON) in the pons, and then to the lateral lemniscus and inferior colliculus of the midbrain, medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus, and the primary auditory cortex in the Sylvian fissure of the temporal lobe (Brodmann area 41, Heschl's gyrus, also known as the transverse temporal gyrus). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies indicate the presence of two broad cortical processing pathways: an anterior ‘what sound’ pathway and a posterior ‘where is it coming from’ pathway.
Preparing the Patient for the fMRI Study and Optimization of Paradigm Selection and Delivery
Published in Andrei I. Holodny, Functional Neuroimaging, 2019
Figure 2 shows a map of language function in a healthy control subject during an auditory responsive naming language task. (The patient responded to aurally presented questions. Question: “What do you shave with?” Response: “A razor.”). Aside from Wernicke’s area, auditory stimuli will activate the primary auditory cortex, located bilaterally in the transverse temporal gyrus, also known as Heschl’s gyrus. Figure 3 demonstrates similar putative areas during a productive (verb generation) language task. There is significant functional overlap in the areas activated during “targeted” language tasks (targeted to frontal or posterior language systems). This will be discussed in more detail later in the chapter.
Anatomy for neurotrauma
Published in Hemanshu Prabhakar, Charu Mahajan, Indu Kapoor, Essentials of Anesthesia for Neurotrauma, 2018
Vasudha Singhal, Sarabpreet Singh
The temporal lobe controls memory, auditory processing, receptive component of speech and emotion. Wernicke’s area (Brodmann’s area 39,40), responsible for producing meaningful speech, is located on the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant hemisphere. The primary auditory area lies in the anterior transverse temporal gyrus (Brodmann’s area 41,42). The auditory association areas (Brodmann’s area 21,22) make important contributions to the comprehension of speech.
Brain activity and connectivity changes in response to glucose ingestion
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2020
A. M. van Opstal, A. Hafkemeijer, A. A. van den Berg-Huysmans, M. Hoeksma, C. Blonk, H. Pijl, S. A. R. B. Rombouts, J. van der Grond
When investigating changes in brain connectivity, both with network analysis and Eigenvector centrality mapping, our data show that on both the voxel-wise and network level connectivity is generally increased after ingestion of plain water. Regions in which increased level and quality of voxel-wise connectivity was found were largely overlapping with functional networks that showed increased connectivity after drinking plain water. The transverse temporal gyrus is a part of the salience network,13 the precuneus and cingulate gyrus are part of the default mode network and the post-central gyrus falls within the sensory-motor functional network.13 The salience network, which also includes the insular and anterior cingulate cortex,22 is generally considered to be involved in emotional arousal, reward sensitivity, and decision-making.31 Connectivity changes in this network after plain water ingestion could therefore indicate an increased or continued energy and reward seeking. Indeed, several studies have shown an increased connectivity in the salience network in obesity that was linked to aberrant reward processing and overconsumption of energy.32,33 In general, ingestion of water after an overnight fast results in an increased BOLD signal and increased functional connectivity on both a voxel-wise and network level. It seems that where glucose decreases brain activity after an overnight fast, ingestion of plain water enhances brain activity, possibly associated with increased or continued reward and energy seeking.
Abnormalities in P300 components in depression: an ERP-sLORETA study
Published in Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 2019
Lina Zhou, Gaohua Wang, Cai Nan, Huiling Wang, Zhongchun Liu, Hanping Bai
Group comparisons of sLORETA source imaging indicated that compared with the P300 source densities of healthy controls, the P300 source densities of depressed patients were decreased in the insula (BA 13), postcentral gyrus (BA 2), superior temporal gyrus (BA 41), inferior parietal lobule (BA 40), transverse temporal gyrus (BA 41), cingulate gyrus (BA 31), precentral gyrus (BA 4), middle frontal gyrus (BA 6), superior frontal gyrus (BA 6), medial frontal gyrus (BA 6), and paracentral gyrus (BA 5) (p = .0012; Table 3; Figure 3). Changes in these brain regions were localized to the right hemisphere.