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Tissue is the Issue
Published in Brian Leyland-Jones, Pharmacogenetics of Breast Cancer, 2020
This procedure describes the use of the MTA-1 (Manual Tissue Arrayer) by Beecher Instruments, Inc. (Sun Prairie, Wisconsin, U.S.) to create tissue microarray (TMA) blocks. TMA is a technology which facilitates research by permitting the collection of biological specimens representing a great many individuals without requiring a great deal of storage space. TMA eases comparison of the histological characteristics of different patients’ pathologies by placing many different tissue samples together on the same microscope slide for observation. Also, TMA helps prevent the unnecessary exhaustion of irreplaceable pathological material, since it permits the same diagnostic and research objectives to be achieved with far less tissue than was required for such objectives before TMA existed.
Involvement of Dopamine with Various Cancers
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Microarrays with 195 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDACs) and 41 non-tumor pancreatic tissues were used for gene expression profile analysis [66]. Another set of 152 samples (40 non-tumor pancreatic tissues, 63 PDAC sections, and 49 chronic pancreatitis samples) was used for tissue microarray analysis. The D2R protein was much higher in PDACs than in non-tumor tissues. Five pancreatic cancer cell lines at various degrees of differentiation were then used: moderately differentiated BxPC-3 cells, poorly differentiated Panc-1 and MiaPaCa-2, and well-differentiated Capan-1 and CFPAC-1 cells; human dermal fibroblasts served as controls. Knockdown of DRD2 by RNAi or its inhibition with pimozide and haloperidol reduced cell proliferation and migration and induced apoptosis. In orthotopically transplanted pancreatic tumor cells, DRD2 knockdown or haloperidol administration reduced tumor growth and metastases. The authors concluded that D2R antagonists, routinely used for management of schizophrenia, should be tested in patients with pancreatic cancer.
DICOM – Medical Image Communication
Published in Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam, Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam
DICOM world is patient-centric. A patient is normally an individual. However, in DICOM, the term “patient” can also refer to a group of humans or even animals being treated or studied simultaneously as one unit. An example of a group situation is a mother and fetus(es) during an obstetric ultrasound. Another example is multiple specimens in a single tissue microarray or a group of small animals being studied together.
High Expression of TRIM15 Is Associated with Tumor Invasion and Predicts Poor Prognosis in Patients with Gastric Cancer
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Weiran Zhou, Hao Chen, Yuanyuan Ruan, Xiaoqing Zeng, Fenglin Liu
Tissue microarray construction was carried out as previous described [21]. Primary antibody against TRIM15 (diluted 1:100, Aviva Systems Biology) was used for IHC staining. In short, the tissue microarrays were incubated at 60 °C for 8 h, dewaxed in xylene, rehydrated in alcohol and the endogenous peroxidase activity was blocked under the function of 3% hydrogen peroxide. After antigen retrieving by citrate buffer using microwave oven, the sections were treated with the 1st antibody under 4 °C overnight. Next the tissue sections were treated with the Primary Antibody Amplifier Quanto and the HRP Polymer Quanto (Thermo Scientific, Fremont, CA, USA) separately. Finally, the sections were visualized by DAB (Diaminobenzidine) solution, which was followed by counterstain with hematoxylin. We arranged for two experienced pathologists to score IHC staining without the reference to the patients’ clinicopathological data. The score of the staining intensity was set as follows: 0 for negative; 1 for weak staining; 2 for moderate staining and 3 for strong staining. The score of the extent of the IHC-stained area was set as 1 for <25%; 2 for 25–50%; 3 for 50–75%; 4 for 75–100% of tumor cells stained. The final score was a combination of the extent and intensity, and the results were between 0 to 12. Values ≤ 6 were considered as the low expression, based on Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis.
The development and clinical applications of proteomics: an Indian perspective
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2020
Khushman Taunk, Bhargab Kalita, Vaikhari Kale, Venkatesh Chanukuppa, Tufan Naiya, Surekha M. Zingde, Srikanth Rapole
Clinical proteomics research has yielded several candidate biomarkers in diverse diseases. Nevertheless, the success of the transfer of this information from lab to clinics for the designing of potent drugs and/or management of these diseases is negligible. In this context, protein arrays are perfectly placed for the high-throughput screening of drug libraries to identify potential candidates that can specifically target these biomarkers. In India, the use of protein microarrays was started by Dr. Sanjeeva Srivastava in the proteomics lab at IIT-B, Mumbai where his team used protein microarrays for profiling autoantibodies in medulloblastoma and glioblastoma and biomarker identification in infectious diseases [22]. Tissue microarray, a variant of protein microarray that contains patient-specific tissue sections was used for profiling various cancers by a research group led by Dr. Sanjay Navani from Lab Surgpath, Mumbai. This technique was extended to validate biomarkers such as prosaposin, transgelin, and protein disulfide isomerase A 4 in gallbladder cancer and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma [71,72]. Therefore, microarrays hold tremendous potential for screening drugs and biomarker validation, the two important aspects of clinical research.
Glycomics of prostate cancer: updates
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2019
Jan Tkac, Tomas Bertok, Michal Hires, Eduard Jane, Lenka Lorencova, Peter Kasak
The last example is the application of MS to the visualization of specific glycans directly in tissue samples. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (MALDI-FT-ICR) can be applied to the direct analysis of various types of glycans in the tissue via MALDI imaging (Figure 2) [58]. The use of various glycosidase enzymes can provide additional structural/isomeric information. The techniques can also be applied to the high throughput analysis of tissues using tissue microarray (see Figure 3) [58]. The technique also makes it possible to detect the peptide profile after spraying the tissue with trypsin. Information on the distribution of various types of glycans within the tissue can, in the future, facilitate the development of specific lectin-based assays for direct lectin histochemistry using a standard procedure applied in the clinical pathology laboratory [58].