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Synthetic Seeds Vis-A-Vis Cryopreservation: An Efficient Technique for Long-Term Preservation of Endangered Medicinal Plants
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Md. Nasim Ali, Syandan Sinha Ray
Plant tissue culture is in vitro cultivation of cell, tissue or organ in a defined media under aseptic condition (Thorpe, 2007). A large number of pathogen-free plants can be regenerated from a single source through the in vitro propagation method (Cruz-Cruz et al., 2013). Besides clonal propagation, in vitro propagation permits the conservation of germplasm for a reasonable duration. This approach of conservation has gained importance because of its wider application, cost-effectiveness, and least requirement of space (Matsumoto, 2001). In vitro conservation of germplasm can be done either for short-mid term or long-term storage (Villalobos et al., 1991). The basic principle for short-mid-term storage under in vitro condition is to slow down the growth rate of the plant (Kaviani, 2011).
Radiation Carcinogenesis: Tissue Culture Model
Published in Kedar N. Prasad, Handbook of RADIOBIOLOGY, 2020
Cancer cells result from an accumulation of multiple genetic changes which have not yet been identified. Results show that activation of cellular oncogenes is not sufficient for transformation. The success of radiation-induced transformation in the cell culture model provides an opportunity to study the mechanisms of radiation-induced carcinogenesis. In addition, it is very useful for developing newer concepts regarding the dose-effect relationship. Several agents that increase or decrease the frequency of radiation-induced transformation have been identified. The most important cancer-protective agents are β-carotene, vitamins A, E, and C, and mineral selenium. Cancer-causing and cancer-protective agents may be used as tools to understand the mechanisms of radiation-induced transformation in mammalian cells. It should be emphasized that the results obtained from the tissue culture model cannot be extrapolated to in vivo condition. There are several carcinogens, cocarcinogens, tumor promoters, and antitumor promoters in the body that may influence the expression of malignancy after the initiating events of carcinogenesis have started in the cells. In addition, the immune surveillance mechanisms may kill newly transformed cells. Nevertheless, in vitro systems are sensitive, cost-effective, and less time-consuming for the study of carcinogenesis.
Assay of Antibiotics in Mammalian Cell Culture
Published in Adorjan Aszalos, Modern Analysis of Antibiotics, 2020
As in all tissue culture procedures, the use of sterile equipment and solutions together with aseptic techniques is essential for the protection of cultures from environmental contamination. It is equally imperative that laboratory personnel be fully safeguarded from the danger of infection with communicable diseases, particularly when working with human tissue specimens. It is a common practice in research laboratories engaged in cell culture studies to observe safety precautions aimed at the protection of both cultures and personnel from cross contamination. These procedures should be strictly observed at all times. Also, the rights of individuals donating tissue to research laboratories must be recognized and informed consent obtained from the donor.
Assessing the immunosuppressive activity of alginate-encapsulated mesenchymal stromal cells on splenocytes
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2022
Sandhya Moise, Luigi Dolcetti, Francesco Dazzi, Paul Roach, Lee Buttery, Sheila MacNeil, Nick Medcalf
MSCs were analysed for the expression profiles of key immunomodulatory genes following stimulation. The cells were grown as monolayers on tissue culture plastic and where either (i) untreated or exposed to (ii) 10 ng/ml recombinant murine interferon-γ (IFN-γ; PeproTech, UK) which has a molecular weight of 15.6 kDa (iii) 10 ng/ml recombinant murine tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α; PeproTech, UK) which has a molecular weight of 17.3 kDa or (iv) 10 ng/ml IFN-γ + 10 nm/ml TNF-α. The expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), arginase 1 (ARG1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS2) and prostaglandin E2 (PTGS2) were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RNA was extracted using miRneasy mini kit (Qiagen, UK) and PCR was performed using TaqMan® RNA-to-CT™ 1-step kit (Applied Biosystems, UK) and TaqMan probes as primers (Applied Biosystems, UK). Gene expression was calculated with respect to untreated MSCs and normalised to 2 housekeeping genes, HPRT1 (hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase 1) and β-actin, using the ΔΔCT method. Data was collected and analysed using the StepOne™ software (Applied Biosystems, UK).
Ultra-sonication-enhanced green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Barleria buxifolia leaf extract and their possible application
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2022
Vanaraj Sekar, Cindhu Balakrishnan, Preethi Kathirvel, Sathiskumar Swamiappan, Mohammed Ali Alshehri, Samy Sayed, Chellasamy Panneerselvam
The ability of AgNPs with different concentrations (25–100 μg/mL) to inhibit the formation of bacterial biofilms was recognized using 24-h-old broth inoculums of E. coli and P. aeruginosa, S. enterica, Shigella spp. using tissue culture plate method. The inoculums have been prepared using 10 mL of trypticase soy broth (TSB) with1% glucose and seeded into 1 cm2 cover slides placed in culture plates. After 24 h, planktonic cells had been removed by way of washing using sterilized distilled water and the glass slides were stained with 0.2% crystal violet stain. Biofilms formation has been visualized by Trinocular Phase Contrast microscope (Kozo Optics) at ×40 magnification. After visualization, the stain was solubilized with 1 mL of 70% ethanol and the stained adherent biofilm was quantified using a micro-ELISA auto reader (model R, Epoch, USA) at a wavelength of 570 nm [42]. The elucidation of biofilm production was finished according to the standard methodology of Stepanovic et al. [43]:
Hypothetical emergence of poliovirus in 2020: part 2. exploration of the potential role of vaccines in control and eradication
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2021
Kimberly M. Thompson, Dominika A. Kalkowska, Kamran Badizadegan
Critical to polio vaccine development, multiple landmark studies suggested the existence of three distinct poliovirus serotypes [24,25]. Recognition of different serotypes led to a frenzy of confirmatory work over the subsequent few years. These studies confirmed in 1951 that nearly 200 different strains of poliovirus tested in thousands of monkeys fell into three distinct serotypes conferring protective immunity. Serotype 1 accounted for 82% of the strains, serotype 2 for 10%, and serotype 3 for 8%, which implied that a vaccine containing these 3 serotypes of polioviruses would cover the entirety of the disease spectrum [19]. Thus, a vaccination strategy involving these three serotypes of polioviruses would cover the entirety of the disease spectrum. Around the same time, tissue culture methods for in vitro cultivation of polioviruses overcame substantial safety and manufacturing hurdles to vaccine development [26].