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Adult Autopsy
Published in Cristoforo Pomara, Vittorio Fineschi, Forensic and Clinical Forensic Autopsy, 2020
Cristoforo Pomara, Monica Salerno, Vittorio Fineschi
The muscles are reflected upward over the mandibular arch, such that they resemble the segments of a fan. The sternothyroid and thyrohyoid muscles are dissected and detached from the thyroid gland in the back and from the thyroid cartilage; these structures are also reflected upward so that the thyroid and larynx–tracheal axes are revealed (Figures 2.57–2.60).
Head and Neck
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
Three of the infrahyoid muscles, the sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and omohyoid are innervated by branches of the ansa cervicalis, whereas the most superior infrahyoid muscle, the thyrohyoid, is innervated by nerve C1. A branch of this nerve runs or “hitchhikes” with the hypoglossal nerve until it gives rise to the nerve of the thyrohyoid muscle. In accord with the strong evolutionary and developmental relationship between the tongue and infrahyoid muscles, the most inferior of the true tongue muscles, the geniohyoid, is also innervated by nerve C1 via the hypoglossal nerve, whereas the other three true tongue muscles—the hyoglossus, genioglossus, and styloglossus—are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve.
Physiology of Swallowing
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Joanne M. Patterson, Stephen McHanwell
The larynx is formed of a series of cartilages in the wall of the upper part of the trachea, the main cartilages being the thyroid, cricoid arytenoid and epiglottis. The thyroid, cricoid and arytenoid cartilages articulate at two synovial joints—the cricothyroid and cricoarytenoid joints—formed between the cartilages of the same name. Movements at these joints result in changes of position of the vocal folds to allow lengthening or shortening, opening or closing. The larynx is suspended from the hyoid bone by the thyrohyoid membrane and thyrohyoid muscle. When the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles move the hyoid bone, they also alter the height of the larynx. The epiglottis projects above the hyoid behind the posterior part of the tongue and is attached to the posterior aspect of the thyroid cartilage. The epiglottis is capable of movements to aid in the closure of the laryngeal inlet, although the mechanism by which movements are produced remains unclear (see below). Attached between the epiglottis anteriorly and the arytenoid cartilages posteriorly is the quadrangular membrane, the superior margin of which forms the boundary of the laryngeal inlet. Within this superior border are the aryepiglottic muscles that control the inlet, together with the small thyroepiglotticus muscle that may help to depress the epiglottis to prevent aspiration. Adduction or closure of the vocal cords by the intrinsic muscles of the larynx provides a further line of defence to the accidental ingestion of food or foreign objects.
Voice evaluation – contribution of the speech-language pathologist voice specialist – SLP-V: part B. Acoustic analysis, physical examination and correlation of all steps with the medical diagnoses
Published in Hearing, Balance and Communication, 2021
Mara Behlau, Glaucya Madazio, Thays Vaiano, Claudia Pacheco, Flávia Badaró
The clinician must palpate and observe the larynx and the cervical muscles at rest and during different voice tasks, such as speaking, singing, high and low frequency, and intensity. Increased tension in the suprahyoid muscles results in an excessive larynx elevation, which reduces the possibility of a balanced voice. The contraction of the thyrohyoid muscles pulls the hyoid bone and thyroid cartilage together, and, in severe cases, firmly closes the thyrohyoid space. As a result, an anteroposterior supraglottic contraction is observed on a laryngoscopy [33].