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Calcaneus, Foot, and Toe Radiography
Published in Russell L. Wilson, Chiropractic Radiography and Quality Assurance Handbook, 2020
Calcaneus fractures are generally the result of falls from heights that result in compressive force to the calcaneus. Parachuting and pole vaulting can cause these fractures. About 60% of tarsal bone injuries are calcaneus fractures. The fractures are categorized by involvement of the subtalar joint (75%) and not involving the subtalar joint. Patients with calcaneus fractures should also be evaluated for compression fractures in the thoracolumbar region. Stress fractures are common in runners and typically are not seen on radiographs. While not a traumatic fracture, plantar fascitis or heel spurs are common overuse injuries.
Skeletal System
Published in David Sturgeon, Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology for Healthcare Students, 2018
The bones of the proximal (near) foot are known as tarsal bones (Figure 4.6). The largest of these are the talus and the calcaneus (heel bone). Both are connected to the distal (far) end of the tibia and fibula (and to one another) by a series of ligaments. If you are unfortunate enough to twist your ankle, it is usually the talo-fibular and calcaneo-fibular ligaments that are torn or damaged. As a rule of thumb: ligaments attach bones to other bones, and tendons attach bones to muscles allowing movement. For example, the Achilles tendon is attached to the calcaneus (heel bone) at its distal end and two large calf muscles (gastrocnemius and soleus) at its proximal end. Flexing these muscles pulls the Achilles tendon attached to the heel (plantar flexion) and enables us to stand on our toes, walk, run and jump. The five remaining talus bones (navicular, cuboid and x 3 cuneiform bones) are smaller than the talus and calcaneus and articulate with the five metatarsals. These long bones of the foot are similar to the metatarsals of the hand and are frequently considered newsworthy when a famous footballer breaks one immediately prior to a major tournament. Finally, the bones of the toes are also known as phalanges and, like the hand, there are two in the big toe (also known as the hallux) and three in toes 2–5.
Paediatric orthopaedic disorders
Published in Brice Antao, S Irish Michael, Anthony Lander, S Rothenberg MD Steven, Succeeding in Paediatric Surgery Examinations, 2017
A 4-year-old child with a persistent clubfoot deformity will require surgery to achieve correction of the deformity as it will not respond to manipulation. Depending on the severity of the deformity it can be treated with multiple osteotomies of the tarsal bones with possible tendon transfers to achieve soft tissue balance.
Findings in ancient Egyptian mummies from tomb KV64, Valley of the Kings, Luxor, with evidence of a rheumatic disease
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology, 2023
LM Öhrström, R Seiler, S Bickel, F Rühli
The head of the mummy is almost completely skeletonized and separated from the body. Small areas of soft tissue are mainly found on the forehead, cheeks, and chin. From the neck, only the hyoid bone is preserved, with some thyroid cartilage and soft tissue remaining. All vertebrae are preserved; however, C1–C6 are skeletonized and separated from the rest of the body. The thorax, both arms, the abdomen, and the pelvis, including the left hip and part of the left thigh, are preserved and mainly mummified; the femur, however, is fractured in the distal third and the distal part including the knee joint is missing. The right fibula and tibia are mostly preserved, with the proximal ends of each bone (tibial plateau and fibular head) fractured and missing. Parts of the left skeletonized foot, namely, some loose tarsal bones and phalanges, are also preserved. The right femur is missing, while part of the skeletonized foot, including the talus, some loose tarsal bones, and some phalanges, are preserved.
Early tangential excision debulking after free latissimus dorsi flap reconstruction for soft tissue defects: presentation of three cases
Published in Case Reports in Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2022
Hiroko Murakami, Kazuo Sato, Yuta Izawa, Tatsuhiko Muraoka, Yoshihiko Tsuchida
A 28-year-old man presented with a crush injury to the right foot after a heavy machine fell on his leg. Upon his arrival at the emergency room, his right foot was ischemic (Figure 1(A,B)). The patient was immediately transferred to the operating theater and underwent debridement and temporary K-wire fixation. Although there were multiple tarsal bone fractures and soft tissue defects, the patient’s main arteries and nerves were preserved. After several debridement procedures and bone fixation with plates, the soft tissue defect was 30 × 15 cm in size. On day 9 after injury, reconstruction was performed using free LD flap (Figure 1(C,D)). The donor vessel was interposed with T portion to the tibialis posterior (TP) artery. The thoracodorsal vein (TDV) was sutured to the accompanying vein of TP by end-to-end anastomosis. At 12 days after free flap reconstruction, the first tangential excision was performed. Following three tangential excisions in total, a split-thickness skin graft was performed using free flap skin. In this procedure, the skin was harvested from the ipsilateral thigh 4 weeks after free LD flap (Figure 1(E)). The grafted skin was completely obtained without interfering with the flap blood circulation.
A simple and effective 1D-element discrete-based method for computational bone remodeling
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2022
Diego Quexada-Rodríguez, Kalenia Márquez-Flórez, Miguel Cerrolaza, Carlos Duque-Daza, Olfa Trabelsi, M.A Velasco, Salah Ramtani, Marie Christine Ho-Ba-Tho, Diego Garzón-Alvarado
The calcaneus bone is the largest tarsal bone and it is characterized by a cortex containing trabecular bone (Metcalf et al. 2018). Due to the mechanical stresses acting on the calcaneus, a set of trabecular groups are formed and play a crucial role in the biomechanics of this bone. These are important in orthopedic procedures and pathology treatments that compromise bone integrity such as in osteoarthritis therapy. The loading conditions were addressed as bone remodeling problems with the methodology proposed herein. The resulting trabecular groups resemble those seen in the calcaneus bone illustrated in Figure 16(c). As in the previous medical case, a set of main trabecular groups have been identified as displayed in Figure 16(b). These are in good agreement with anatomical studies regarding the biomechanics of calcaneus bone (Abboud 2018). The following trabecular motifs can be identified individually for the boundary conditions of (Belinha et al. 2012): thalamic group (1); inferior plantar group (2); anterior apophyseal group (3); anterior plantar group (4); posterior achillean group (5); and central triangular area of refracted bone (6). An aspect that calls attention in some of these groups is the appearance of single lines corresponding to long trabecular groups such as the anterior apophyseal group or the central triangular area of refracted bone; this “thinning” could mean that the particular group does not play a vital structural role for that specific case load.