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Introduction and Review of Biological Background
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Joints, or articulations, are the means by which different musculoskeletal tissues convert their functions into controlled movement by individuals. Joints connect bones together and allow movement of bones by muscles via tendons and ligaments. Three basic types of joints exist in the human body: fibrous synarthroses, cartilaginous amphiarthroses, and synovial diarthroses. Amphiarthroses are represented by the symphysis pubis and invertebral joints. Most joints encountered in injuries and sports medicine are diarthrotic, freely movable joints such as the knee, hip, ankle, elbow, wrist, fingers, thumb, and shoulder. The enthesis is the area of attachment of tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules onto bone, which is frequently injured in trauma. In general a typical joint structure consists of several basic parts: (1) bone; (2) articular cartilage; (3) joint cavity with synovial fluid; (4) synovium; and (5) joint capsule. Menisci, bursae, ligaments, tendons and associated blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics complete the structures of joints. Joints are the focal point for many traumatic injuries to the human body, especially in sports medicine. In addition, degenerative joint conditions are a major health concern. The components of joints that have not been previously covered will be described briefly.
The Anatomy of Joints Related to Function
Published in Verna Wright, Eric L. Radin, Mechanics of Human Joints, 2020
A joint consists of two or more bones that come into close apposition and the intervening tissues and morphological structures that unite them. Mechanically, joints fall into one of two broad classes: synarthroses and diarthroses. In a synarthrosis, the bones are joined by a solid tissue that may (or may not) allow significant movement by virtue of its deformability. In a diarthrosis, the articulating surfaces glide freely across each other and generally permit a wide range of motion. The former may transmit forces in any direction (compression, tension, and shear); the articular surfaces of diarthroses, being effectively frictionless, can only transmit compression forces that act perpendicularly to them.
The locomotor system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
There are two main types of joint. Synovial (diarthrodial) joints have a synovial lining and usually allow large amounts of movement. Synarthroses are joints in which the bones are joined by fibrous tissue, e.g. the cranial sutures, or by cartilage, e.g. the pubic symphysis. In these, movement is very limited. They are not discussed further.
Manubrio-sternal joint mobility during forced ventilation using non-invasive opto-electronic plethysmography: cases studies
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
L. Gaillard, L. Debraux, N. Houel
Sternum is a flat bone composed of three parts: manubrium superiorly, xiphoid process inferiorly and the body in between (Selthofer et al. 2006). Manubrio-Sternal Joint (MSJ), also known as Louis’ Angle, is a synarthrosis joint. Manubrium and sternal body intersect with an angle of 165° to 175° between their posterior faces (intra-thoracic faces, Carrier et al. 2007). MSJ has implications in rheumatoid diseases and traumatic injuries. The potential MSJ degrees of freedom and range of motion during breathing and their relationships with ventilatory disease management stay controversial.