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The digestive system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
Gastrointestinal activity is also modified by extrinsic autonomic nerves. The tract is innervated by both the parasympathetic and the sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic innervation is provided primarily by the vagus nerves (esophagus, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, small intestine, and upper large intestine) and the pelvic nerves (rest of the large intestine). Sympathetic innervation is provided by pathways that pass through the celiac, inferior mesenteric, and superior mesenteric ganglia. The effects of these two divisions tend to oppose each other. The parasympathetic system stimulates most digestive activities, whereas the sympathetic system inhibits them. Interestingly, the autonomic nerves to the digestive system, especially the vagus nerve of the parasympathetic system, can be discretely activated. In this way, digestive activity can be modified without affecting tissue function in other regions of the body.
Nervous System
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Mark T. Butt, Alys Bradley, Robert Sills
The anatomy of the sympathetic portion of the autonomic component of the nervous system has been previously described. Evaluation of at least one sympathetic ganglia may reveal changes such as neuronal atrophy, neuronal loss, neuronal vacuolation, or glial changes. The cervicothoracic ganglion (formed by a fusion of the caudal most cervical ganglion and the cranial most thoracic ganglion) is often harvested with the spinal column and therefore may be available for dissection and evaluation. The preponderance of published investigations targeted at sympathetic ganglia appears to include the cranial/superior cervical ganglion. Effective harvest of this ganglion, located deep to the bifurcation of the carotid artery on each side, is best performed before the head is removed from the neck. The cranial/superior mesenteric ganglion is located near the left adrenal gland where the cranial mesenteric artery leaves the aorta. Any of these three ganglia are readily harvested and sectioned.
Cardiovascular Function in the Intact, Streptozotocin-Treated Rat
Published in John H. McNeill, Experimental Models of Diabetes, 2018
A plausible mechanism for the development of neuropathy in STZ-treated rats has been advanced and is described here. Nerve trunks contain the enzymes aldose reductase (which converts glucose to sorbitol) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (which converts sorbitol to fructose). This chain of reactions is known as the sorbitol pathway.56 In the presence of hyperglycemia, an augmentation of flux through the sorbitol pathway would lead to neural accumulation of sorbitol and fructose, generating an osmotic fluid shift, which would in turn cause edema and subsequent neural degeneration. This mechanism, called the osmotic hypothesis, has been gaining in popularity since first being proposed.57 The exact site of edema is unknown, although both the Schwann cell58 and the endoneurial space59 have been suggested. Consistent with the osmotic hypothesis, Schmidt etal.60 observed increased sorbitol levels in superior cervical, superior mesenteric, and coeliac ganglia from STZ-treated rats. Furthermore, in the same study, it was found that aldose reductase inhibition reduced, but did not normalize, axonal dystrophy in superior mesenteric ganglia from STZ-treated rats.60 In a later study, Schmidt et al.61 reported that aldose reductase inhibition, initiated several months after STZ treatment, was able to prevent further structural changes in mesenteric nerves.
Spinal cord involvement in Lewy body-related α-synucleinopathies
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2020
Raffaele Nardone, Yvonne Höller, Francesco Brigo, Viviana Versace, Luca Sebastianelli, Cristina Florea, Kerstin Schwenker, Stefan Golaszewski, Leopold Saltuari, Eugen Trinka
The dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus innervates the striated muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus, while the preganglionic neurons of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus innervate the Auerbach’s plexus and in the Meissner’s plexus. The parasympathetic excitatory input arises from spinal roots S2-S4 and is transmitted to the anus, rectum, and descending colon. Preganglionic inhibitory sympathetic neurons arise from spinal roots T10-L2, reach the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia, and innervate the small intestine, the ascending and transverse colon and, via the pelvic ganglion, the internal anal sphincter.75 However, reflex pathways mediating defecation and -bladder control differ markedly.76,77 Large intestine innervation relies on the Auerbach's plexus, which is also affected in PD, and a spinal reflex loop.75 Pathologic involvement of the afferent portion of this spinal reflex loop is likely to contribute to constipation and a sensory deficit may contribute to inhibition of the defecation reflex in the elderly.77
Role of glucocorticoid- and monoamine-metabolizing enzymes in stress-related psychopathological processes
Published in Stress, 2020
Vadim Tseilikman, Eliyahu Dremencov, Olga Tseilikman, Michaela Pavlovicova, Lubica Lacinova, Daniela Jezova
Liver is excessively innervated, and CNS-liver projections may therefore be involved in the central control of hepatic glucocorticoid metabolism. The liver is innervated by post-ganglionic sympathetic nerves originating in the celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia, and the cell bodies of the pre-ganglionic nerves projecting to these ganglia are in the intermediolateral column of segments T7-T12 in the spinal cord. The cell bodies in the spinal cord receive serotonergic innervation, and 5-HT input may stimulate norepinephrine release from the post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons (Jensen et al., 1995). The main type of adrenergic receptor expressed in the liver is the β-adrenergic receptor; particularly the β3-adrenergic receptor subtype (Douris et al., 2017; Negres et al., 2016). The α-adrenergic receptors, mainly the α1-adrenergic subtype, are also present in the liver (Huan et al., 2017). In addition, Daskalopoulos, Malliou, et al. (2012) found that activation of the hepatic adrenergic receptors suppressed CYP expression, and it is therefore possible that 5-HT indirectly regulates hepatic CYP activity by activating the visceral adrenergic pathways that suppress CYP expression.
Superior mesenteric ganglion via ovarian plexus nerve involved in the cross-talk between noradrenaline and GnRH in rat ovaries
Published in Systems Biology in Reproductive Medicine, 2023
María Belén Delsouc, Sandra Vallcaneras, Cristina Daneri Becerra, Fabián Heber Mohamed, Marina Fernández, Adriana Soledad Vega Orozco, Marilina Casais
Extrinsic innervation of the mammalian ovary involves two sources: the superior ovarian nerve (SON), which is organized around the follicles, and the ovarian plexus nerve (OPN), which is mainly associated with the vasculature (del Campo et al. 2019). Both sources are constituted by noradrenergic/peptidergic nerve fibers (Aguado 2002; Domínguez and Cruz-Morales 2011). The superior mesenteric ganglion (SMG), a sympathetic prevertebral ganglion, contains neurons whose axons make up the OPN.