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Cortical Visual Loss
Published in Vivek Lal, A Clinical Approach to Neuro-Ophthalmic Disorders, 2023
Simultanagnosia has been linked to lesions of the dorsal occipital lobes, in Brodmann's areas 18 and 19 (384). There can also be contributions from damage to other components of a visual attention network, such as the middle frontal gyrus and white matter connections in the inferior and superior longitudinal fasciculi (390).
Hemispatial Neglect (and Autosomatagnosia)
Published in Alexander R. Toftness, Incredible Consequences of Brain Injury, 2023
Some candidates for brain damage that may cause neglect are the “middle and superior temporal gyrus, inferior parietal lobule, intraparietal sulcus, precuneus, middle occipital gyrus, caudate nucleus, and posterior insula, as well as in the white matter pathway corresponding to the posterior part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus” (Molenberghs et al., 2012). Thus, neglect seems to be a possible symptom of brain damage in a variety of places including the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes, as well as subcortical structures underneath (Li & Malhotra, 2015). If you flipped open a brain atlas to a random page and pointed at an illustration of a brain structure, there is a decent chance for that structure to be involved in neglect. My point is that the calculations that the brain uses to understand space are intricate (see Topographical Disorientation). This is why researchers have switched “from trying to identify a single brain area to investigations of brain areas that are involved as sub-components of a more complex network, responsible for space attention and representation” (Gammeri et al., 2020).
DTI of Neurodegenerative Disorders
Published in Andrei I. Holodny, Functional Neuroimaging, 2019
Sumei Wang, John H. Woo, Elias R. Melhem
DTI can evaluate the brain tissue damage in FTD. Larsson et al. (67) first applied DTI to the formalin-fixed brain of an FTD patient. Decreased diffusion anisotropy was observed in the bilateral frontal WM. Yoshiura et al. (68) demonstrated elevated ADC in the frontal and temporal WM using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). In a recent study, Borroni et al. (69), based on major clinical presentation, classified FTD into two types: frontal variant and temporal variant. The frontal variant group showed a selective WM reduction in the superior longitudinal fasciculus, while the temporal variant group demonstrated WM reductions in the inferior longitudinal fasciculus.
Nineteenth- and twentieth-century brain maps relating to locations and constructions of brain functions
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2022
Figure 17 is “a simple diagram of the major structures of the language system” (Benson and Geschwind 1985, 200). The primary auditory input for language goes through Heschl’s gyrus, which is a unimodal area in the primary auditory cortex in the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe next to the higher-order auditory association cortex, which becomes gradually more heteromodal as it stretches caudally toward the highly heteromodal Wernicke’s area (W). In turn, this area is connected to Broca’s area via the arcuate fasciculus, a component of the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Wernicke’s area is also connected with the heteromodal cortex of the angular gyrus (A), which is another essential way station. Not shown here is the contribution of interhemispheric communication via the corpus callosum.
The role of diffusion tensor imaging in characterizing injury patterns on athletes with concussion and subconcussive injury: a systematic review
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
Maryam Tayebi, Samantha J. Holdsworth, Allen A. Champagne, Douglas J. Cook, Poul Nielsen, Tae-Rin Lee, Alan Wang, Justin Fernandez, Vickie Shim
Interestingly, a prospective study (58) conducted on 11–14 year-old SRC athletes, showed an increase in FA value on large regions along the right superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) in this group compared with healthy athletes without concussion, after 24–72 hours and three months post-concussion. They also reported decreased MD, AD, and RD values within the SRC compared to the control group over the same period along the right SLF. In line with this study, Lancaster et al. (36) found lower MD in concussed subjects compared to non-injured controls at six months post-injury along the body of corpus callosum (bCC) and cingulate gyrus (CgC) tract. However, no significant group difference was observed at the acute and subacute phase. A similar trend was reported for AD indices along the right CGC tract.
Diffusion tensor imaging findings and neuropsychological performance in adults with TBI across the spectrum of severity in the chronic-phase
Published in Brain Injury, 2021
Katherine L. Zane, Jeffrey D. Gfeller, P. Tyler Roskos, Jeff Stout, Tony W. Buchanan, Thomas M. Malone, Richard Bucholz
Conventional brain CT and MRI procedures identify focal injuries, but often underestimate the extent of white matter damage. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a useful and robust tool for the detection of TAI, with lower white matter fractional anisotropy (FA) as one characteristic. Common locations of abnormal FA include the corpus callosum, posterior limb of the internal capsule, frontal lobe, corona radiata, cingulum bundle, centrum semiovale, brain stem, and cerebral peduncle (11). The superior longitudinal fasciculus, an area that facilitates bidirectional neural network necessary for core processes, such as attention, memory, emotions, and language (12), is among the most common locations of abnormal FA by whole-brain analysis, but has not been identified consistently among region of interest (ROI) analysis.