China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Comparative Anatomy of Medullary Vagal Nerve Nuclei
Published in Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes, Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
Nonetheless, on the basis of this scant evidence, some broad generalizations may be drawn with the caveat that many more species need be studied. Among the teleostome vertebrates, the vagal motor complex is divisible into two major functional domains: the anteroventral portion of the vagal motor column innervates branchial muscles; the posterodorsal portion (termed the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in the following discussion) contains the bulk of the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons. A smaller, third portion of the vagal motor column may exist, consisting of preganglionic parasympathetic neurons that contribute to the branchial cardiac division of the vagus nerve.44 This arrangement can be found most obviously in the dogfish, Scyliorhinus.44 The branchiomotor neurons lie just medial to the sulcus limitans in the rostral medulla. The preganglionic parasympathetic neurons lie more posteriorly in a similar position. The branchial-cardiac neurons lie in the midmedulla, but in a migrated position roughly midway between the spinal trigeminal tract and the medial longitudinal fasciculus. This position is topologically similar to the position of the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the external formation of the nucleus ambiguus in rats.7 A similar pattern of three separable vagal motor component nuclei can be found in goldfish.32 With the exception of the cardiac neurons, the preganglionic parasympathetic neurons lie mostly caudal (and slightly medial) to the branchiomotor neurons. A population of cardiac neurons lies outside of the nominal boundaries of both the branchiomotor nucleus and the dorsal motor nucleus. A similar anteroposterior segregation of branchiomotor and dorsal motor nucleus neurons obtains in ictalurid catfish,20 but the location of cardiac neurons is not known for this group.
Microsurgical techniques for achieving gross total resection of ependymomas of the fourth ventricle
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2020
There exists some discrepancy in the literature regarding the the most appropriate terminology and designation of specific anatomic structures and regions within the floor of the fourth ventricular cavity. Specifically, Rhoton [48,52] designates the zone lying between the “hypoglossal triangle” and the “area acoustica” to be the soi-disant “vagal triangle,” though Di Ieva and colleagues [52] and the majority of authors utilize the term ala cinerea. Moreover, Di Ieva and colleagues describe the vagal trigone to be the region lying immediately lateral to the sulcus limitans and medial to the area acoustica, with an impression in its inferior aspect termed the fovea inferior. We deem it most appropriate or proper the alternate use of either vagal trigone and ala cinerea as preferable to “vagal triangle” to designate the ventricular zone located inferolateral to the hypoglossal trigone, medial to the area acoustica, and superomedial to the area postrema.