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Data and Picture Interpretation Stations Cases 1–42
Published in Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Alison Carter, Richard Fox, ENT OSCEs: A Guide to Passing the DO-HNS and MRCS (ENT) OSCE, 2019
Joseph Manjaly, Peter Kullar, Alison Carter, Richard Fox
What is the structure labelled A? Name a ligament and a muscle that attach here. Styloid processStyloglossus muscleStylohyoid ligament
Anatomy as Applied to Transoral Surgery
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Mark Puvanendran, Andrew Harris
Continuing to move laterally through the neck the two muscles encountered are styloglossus and stylopharyngeus (Figure 23.6b). The styloglossus, an extrinsic tongue muscle, is located superior-anteriorly compared to the stylopharyngeus. These are longitudinal muscles that shorten and widen the pharynx, and elevate the larynx during swallowing.
Introductory Aspects of Head and Neck Cancers
Published in Loredana G. Marcu, Iuliana Toma-Dasu, Alexandru Dasu, Claes Mercke, Radiotherapy and Clinical Radiobiology of Head and Neck Cancer, 2018
Loredana G. Marcu, Iuliana Toma-Dasu, Alexandru Dasu, Claes Mercke
Tongue: The tongue is a mobile sort of muscular tissue, which can be divided into two parts. The most mobile part, corpus linguae, is situated in the oral cavity while the rest of the tongue, the base of tongue or radix linguae, is situated in the oropharynx. This latter part of the tongue belongs together with tissues in the soft palate and in the tonsils to the Waldeyer’s ring. The anterior two-thirds of the tongue, the oral tongue, extends from the circumvallate papillae to the undersurface of the tongue at the junction of the floor of mouth. A fibrous septum divides the tongue into right and left halves. The oral tongue is commonly demarcated into four anatomic areas: (1) the tip, (2) lateral borders, (3) dorsal surface, and (4) undersurface (ventral surface). There are six pairs of muscles that form the oral tongue: three of these are extrinsic and the rest are intrinsic. The external muscles are m. genioglossus, m. hyoglossus and m. styloglossus, and are those muscles that can move the tongue in the oral cavity, prevent it from falling backwards, etc. The intrinsic muscles are situated in the depth of the tongue and include the lingual, vertical, and transverse muscles. These muscles can alter the form of the tongue during speech and swallowing. The base of the tongue, belonging to oropharynx is bordered ventrally by the so-called sulcus terminalis. Caudally the base of tongue is bounded by the most cranial part of the supraglottic larynx, i.e. the epiglottis. The base of tongue is characteristically composed by an abundance of lymphoid tissue, constituting together with the tonsils and the soft palate what is called the Ring of Waldeyer.
Bilateral elongated styloid process (Eagle’s syndrome) - a case report and short review
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2022
Arun Panwar, Vaishali Keluskar, Shivayogi Charantimath, Lokesh Kumar S, Sridhar M, Jayapriya T
At the prenatal stage, the stylohyoid complex has four segments (superior portion of the hyoid corpus, SP, lesser cornua of the hyoid, and stylohyoid ligament). These are all derivatives of Reichert's cartilage (2nd branchial arch), which can be further divided into four parts based on the consequent development of the stylohyoid complex. Tympanohyal, being the first and most proximal segment, gives origin to the tympanic (proximal) segment of the SP, as well as the stapes. The second segment is called the stylohyal segment and gives rise to the distal portion of the SP. The third segment is ceratohyal and degenerates in utero, forming the stylohyoid ligament. The fourth and most distal segment is called the hypohyal segment and forms the lesser cornua of the hyoid. The stylohyoid process arises from the temporal bone immediately medial and anterior to the stylomastoid foramen, extends anteromedially, rarely shows any anatomical variations in its course, and is encircled on both sides by the internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA). The stylopharyngeus, styloglossus, and stylohyoid along with the two ligaments being stylohyoid ligament and stylomandibular ligament originate from the SP (6,7).
An interactive surgical simulation tool to assess the consequences of a partial glossectomy on a biomechanical model of the tongue
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
K.D.R. Kappert, M.J.A. van Alphen, S. van Dijk, L.E. Smeele, A.J.M. Balm, F. van der Heijden
The musculature was modeled using ArtiSynth’s "muscle material" which effect is applied in addition to the regular material for an element. When excitation is applied to a muscle material, it generates an externally applied stress in the direction associated with the muscle (Lloyd et al. 2012). For the simulation of the muscle stress-strain function, we used ArtiSynth’s implementation of the method described by Blemker et al. (2005). In this method, stress and strain are influenced by muscle activation based on the direction of the particular muscle. In order to compare our model to the Buchaillard et al. (2009) model, muscle divisions and muscle directions were converted and incorporated in our model. Using the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation, the string-based muscles of Buchaillard et al. (2009) were converted into dense vector fields defining muscle directions and locations. The vector closest to the centroid of a particular element will determine the direction of its contraction upon activation. A typical distribution of element-muscles in an unedited model is demonstrated in Figure 2. This muscle representation also enables us to easily use other muscle configurations for future (personalized) models. Because of the long and compact trajectory of the styloglossus muscle towards the styloid process, we were unable to create a stable (automatically generated) element-based muscle for it. The styloglossus was, therefore, the only muscle simulated using string-based muscles.
Airway geometry, airway flow, and particle measurement methods: implications on pulmonary drug delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2018
A. Kourmatzis, S. Cheng, H.-K. Chan
A key part of the airway is the tongue which comprises of eight sets of muscles (four intrinsic and four extrinsic) which are known to work in a concerted effort to ascertain complex tasks such as swallowing, speech, and breathing [67]. The four extrinsic muscles, namely the genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus, play an important role in maintaining the size of the airway during respiration by protruding (geniogossus and palatoglossus) or retracting (hyoglossus and styloglossus) the tongue and these movements act to increase and decrease airway size behind the tongue, respectively. Depending on the type of ventilation (oral or nasal), other muscles of the soft palate can also be activated during respiration [68–70]. Although the role of upper airway muscles is to help ensure oropharynx patency, the function and efficacy of these muscles vary between individuals and can be affected by factors such as obesity due to increased airway lateral fat pads which narrow the upper airway size or by craniofacial features (e.g. bony structures crowding the airway) [71]. Knowledge of how the function or activation of these muscles affects the transport of inhaled drug delivery through alteration of the airway is unclear, although it is widely known that the majority of inhaled drug particles are entrapped in the oropharynx, where dynamic tongue tissue motion is significant.