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Parapharyngeal Space
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
The stylomandibular ligament is formed by a band of the cervical fascia that extends from near the apex of the styloid process to the angle and posterior border of the mandible (Figure 60.3). It and the posterior border of the mandible form the stylomandibular tunnel. The tunnel is a deep relation of the deep lobe of the parotid gland. Tumours of the deep lobe can extend into the parapharyngeal space through this tunnel, giving rise to a dumbbell-shaped tumour.
A to Z Entries
Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The majority of bones in the head are fused to each other via sutures to provide a protective shell for the brain. Movement occurs at the temporomandibular joint, to allow opening and closing of the mouth. There are several ligaments associated with this joint. The joint capsule is thickened into a lateral ligament, sometimes referred to as the temporomandibular ligament. This ligament adds support to the lateral aspect of the joint and helps to prevent posterior dislocation. There are two additional ligaments extrinsic to the temporomandibular joint: the stylomandibular and sphenomandibular ligaments. These ligaments connect the mandible to points on the cranium. The stylomandibular ligament runs from the styloid process of the temporal cranial bone to the angle of the mandible distally. The sphenomandibular ligament runs from the spine of the sphenoid cranial bone to the lingula of the mandible, which is superior to the insertion of the stylomandibular ligament.
Head and neck
Published in Tor Wo Chiu, Stone’s Plastic Surgery Facts, 2018
The deep cervical fascia has four components: Investing fascia. This is the layer of deep fascia that lies beneath the subcutaneous fat and splits into superficial and deep layers as the parotid fascia surrounds the gland. A local thickening forms the stylomandibular ligament.Prevertebral fascia. This covers the muscles (splenius capitis, levator scapulae, scalenus posterior, medius and anterior) that form the floor of the posterior triangle, and forms a layer over which the pharynx and oesophagus can freely slide. It covers the brachial plexus trunks and subclavian artery but not the subclavian vein and is pierced by the four nerves of the cervical plexus.Pretracheal fascia. This separates the trachea from the overlying strap muscles to allow trachea gliding. It encloses the thyroid gland (pierced by the thyroid vessels) and blends laterally with the carotid sheath.Carotid sheath. This envelopes the carotid arteries (common and internal), the IJV (where it is thin) and vagus nerve. It is adherent to the deep surface of SM.
Bilateral elongated styloid process (Eagle’s syndrome) - a case report and short review
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2022
Arun Panwar, Vaishali Keluskar, Shivayogi Charantimath, Lokesh Kumar S, Sridhar M, Jayapriya T
At the prenatal stage, the stylohyoid complex has four segments (superior portion of the hyoid corpus, SP, lesser cornua of the hyoid, and stylohyoid ligament). These are all derivatives of Reichert's cartilage (2nd branchial arch), which can be further divided into four parts based on the consequent development of the stylohyoid complex. Tympanohyal, being the first and most proximal segment, gives origin to the tympanic (proximal) segment of the SP, as well as the stapes. The second segment is called the stylohyal segment and gives rise to the distal portion of the SP. The third segment is ceratohyal and degenerates in utero, forming the stylohyoid ligament. The fourth and most distal segment is called the hypohyal segment and forms the lesser cornua of the hyoid. The stylohyoid process arises from the temporal bone immediately medial and anterior to the stylomastoid foramen, extends anteromedially, rarely shows any anatomical variations in its course, and is encircled on both sides by the internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA). The stylopharyngeus, styloglossus, and stylohyoid along with the two ligaments being stylohyoid ligament and stylomandibular ligament originate from the SP (6,7).
Preliminary simulation model toward the study of the effects caused by different mandibular advancement devices in OSAS treatment
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2018
Agnese Brunzini, Antonio Gracco, Alida Mazzoli, Marco Mandolini, Steve Manieri, Michele Germani
As for regards the modelling of the ligaments, the present work makes a step beyond the literature. Instead of introducing the ligaments as virtual linear springs (Alkhiary et al. 2012) or modelling only collaterals and temporomandibular ligaments (Pérez del Palomar and Doblare 2006; Commisso et al. 2014), all the three main ligaments of the TMJ have been considered. Indeed, as explained in (Savoldelli et al. 2012), in order to improve the model accuracy, it is necessary to add sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments to the model, because of the important biomechanical role they have on mandible opening. Therefore temporomandibular, sphenomandibular and stylomandibular ligaments have been modelled by using geometry reconstruction tools in Rhinoceros 3D, based on anatomical drawings. Starting from circular and elliptical cylinders, ligaments have been morphed and adjusted to the mandible and the temporal bone, using dedicated Rhinoceros commands. The ligaments length, origin and insertion points have been identified as explained by Cuccia et al. 2011, where the angles of inclination between the principal axis of the ligaments and the inner surface of the mandible are illustrated. The 3D reconstruction of TMJ soft tissues is shown in Figure 2.
The Biomechanical Effects of Sagittal Split Ramus Osteotomy on Temporomandibular Joint
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2018
Zhan Liu, Jingheng Shu, Yuanli Zhang, Yubo Fan
The disc not only had backward and inward displacements, but also clockwise rotated in the outer lateral view. Higher tension occurred in the anterior attachments of the discs, as a result of the backward displacement of the disc relative to the condylar and temporal cartilage. Meanwhile, the inward displacement of the disc resulted in a smaller tension (the magnitude of 10e−3) in the posterior attachments. Under the central occlusion, the temporomandibular ligament and sphenomandibular ligament were subjected to a small tension (of the magnitude of 10e−4 to 10e−3), related to the fact that the ligaments mainly prevent the inward displacement of disc. However the stylomandibular ligament relaxed.