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Neuroendocrine Morphology
Published in Paul V. Malven, Mammalian Neuroendocrinology, 2019
The following three tracts connect the hypothalamus with the midbrain and lower areas: mammillopeduncular tract (labeled H in Figure 2-3), mammillotegmental tract (G), dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (F). The mammillopeduncular tract and mammillotegmental tract both connect the mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus with the midbrain and lower regions. The hippocampus inputs into the hypothalamus pass by way of the fornix (E) to the preoptic area, arcuate nucleus and mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus. The thalamus connection with the mammillary bodies involves the mammillothalamic tract (I). The amygdala connections with the hypothalamus consist of (1) stria terminalis (C) which curves around in parallel with the fornix and (2) the shorter route from amygdala to hypothalamus called the direct amygdalohypothalamic tract (D). A major fiber tract passing through the hypothalamus is the medial forebrain bundle (B) which connects hypothalamus with the septum, rostral structures such as the olfactory gray, and structures caudal to the hypothalamus. The epithalamus sends input to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus via the stria medullaris (A).
Joseph LeDoux (b. 1949)
Published in Andrew P. Wickens, Key Thinkers in Neuroscience, 2018
The next question was to ask how the lateral amygdala produces its effects on fear-related behaviour. It was clear from other neuroanatomical studies that the lateral amygdala not only received sensory input from the thalamus but also from other areas of the brain including widespread regions of the neocortex and hippocampus. It was also apparent that the lateral amygdala sent much of its input to the amygdala’s central nucleus that acted as a conduit for its main output pathways. Indeed, LeDoux was to show that all the components of the conditioned emotional response are mediated by different outputs of the central nucleus. Thus, lesioning the central pathway to the periaqueductal gray area of the midbrain interfered with the freezing response, whereas severing the pathway to the lateral hypothalamus abolished the increase in blood pressure. And a lesion made to the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which projects to the ventromedial hypothalamus, was later shown to stop the release of stress hormones involved in fear, including adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone.
Eating Disorders in Sexual and Gender Minorities
Published in Jonna Fries, Veronica Sullivan, Eating Disorders in Special Populations, 2017
An interesting finding was that men had twice as many somatostatin-expressing neurons in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis as cisgender women, and male-to-female transgender persons had similar levels as cisgender women while a female-to-male transgender person had similar levels as cisgender males (Kruijver et al. 2000). The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis has been implicated in fear, stress, and anxiety (Walker et al. 2003) and in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses (Crestani et al. 2013), and the release of somatostatins is associated with depression (Lin and Sibille 2015). Corticotropin-releasing factor in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis has been found to have a meaningful role in frustration and stress-induced binge eating (Micioni Di Bonaventura et al. 2014). Future research may shed light on whether this is meaningful in gender identity and rates of eating disorders in some transgender people.
Developing the theory of the extended amygdala with the use of the cupric-silver technique
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2023
Soledad de Olmos, Alfredo Lorenzo
Through the analysis of the cytoarchitectonic and histochemical features, and with the aid of experimental tract-tracing methods, the organization of the extended amygdala consists of two mayor subdivisions. The central division, which includes the central amygdaloid nucleus and lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the medial division, related to the medial amygdaloid nucleus and medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. The two divisions form separate corridors through the caudal, sublenticular part of the substatia inominata. The separation of the central and medial divisions of the extended amygdala is also evident in the supracapsular part. The lateral column merges rostrally with the lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and caudally with the central amygdala. The medial column continuous with the medial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and the medial amygdaloid nucleus (Figure 2c; seeAlheid, de Olmos, and Beltramino 1995; Alheid et al. 1994, 1998; de Olmos 1990; 2004; de Olmos, Alheid, and Beltramino 1985; de Olmos and Heimer 1999; de Olmos, Beltramino, and Alheid 2004; Heimer et al. 1991; Heimer, Alheid, et al., 1997; Heimer, Harlan, et al., 1997; Shammah-Lagnado et al. 2000).
Loss of mGluR1-LTD following cocaine exposure accumulates Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors and facilitates synaptic potentiation in the prefrontal cortex
Published in Journal of Neurogenetics, 2021
Our results indicate that the impairment of mPFC mGluR1-LTD by in vivo cocaine exposure lasts for approximately 1 week and requires multiple cocaine injections. DHPG-induced postsynaptic mGluR5-dependent LTD is also disrupted transiently by repeated cocaine administration in the mouse bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (Grueter, McElligott, Robison, Mathews, & Winder, 2008). A similar cocaine exposure regimen has been reported to induce a delayed impairment of mGluR5-LTD in the NAc (Huang et al., 2011). In comparison, mGluR2/3-LTD in the rat PFC is impaired following both non-contingent (Huang, Yang, et al., 2007) and contingent cocaine administration (Kasanetz et al., 2013). These studies indicate that cocaine exposure inhibits multiple forms of mGluR-LTD, and the underlying mechanisms and the nature of impairments may differ. Whether and how cocaine exposure alters NMDAR-dependent Hebbian LTD remains to be examined, but a previous study has shown that PFC t-LTD remains intact following prenatal cocaine exposure (Lu et al., 2009).
Comparative study of the volume of the temporal lobe sections and neuropeptide effect in Alzheimer’s patients and healthy persons
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Emine Petekkaya, Gülen Burakgazi, Berna Kuş, İsmet Murat Melek, Abdullah Arpacı
Besides the anatomic importance of social and spatial memory regions, their biochemical interactions at the hormonal level recently drew attention and studies examining the role of hormones on memory and behavior increased. In particular, oxytocin (OT) and arginine vasopressin (AVP) hormones are shown to bear importance in social recognition and memory. Axonal projections from the magnocellular neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus drive the release of OT and AVP from the neurohypophysis, thus showing peripheral influence by way of blood flow [7,8]. They are extensively expressed in some brain regions, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the medial nucleus of amygdala, and the suprachiasmatic nucleus. It is reported that the expression levels in brain tissues may not be determined accurately due to the deterioration of hormones in postmortem brain tissue with the stimulation of degradative enzymatic activities [9]. Therefore, there is now increasing interest in the measurement of peripheral OT levels for a better understanding of the role of OT and AVP in the social behavior of both humans and animals [10]. OT and AVP can be peripherally measured with immunological tests on biological secretions such as plasma, saliva, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) [10,11].