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The Reflex Effects of Hepatic and Mesenteric Afferents on the Circulation
Published in Irving H. Zucker, Joseph P. Gilmore, Reflex Control of the Circulation, 2020
On similar grounds, about 50% of the sympathetic fibers in the cat splanchnic nerve are thought to be afferents (Foley, 1948). Afferent innervation of the liver in dogs was studied by tracing intrahepatic degeneration following nerve sections that would spare postganglionic efferent nerves (Tsai, 1958). Extensive degeneration was observed following section of the dorsal roots (T5–T13) distal to the spinal ganglia.
The Spinal Cord and the Spinal Canal
Published in Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand, Pediatric Regional Anesthesia, 2019
Bernard J. Dalens, Jean-Pierre Monnet, Yves Harmand
Spinal ganglia are enlargements of the dorsal roots, oval in shape and formed by collections of nerve cells with an envelope of connective tissue (capsule) continuous with the epineurium of the spinal nerves. The ganglia are usually located in the intervertebral foramina, adjacent to the point where the roots perforate the dura mater (Figure 1.35). However, the ganglia from the first two cervical segments lie on the vertebral arches; those of sacral nerves are inside the spinal canal and that of the coccygeal nerve is within the dura mater. Within the ganglion, cell bodies are peripheral and both afferent and efferent fibers form a central core which includes vessels, Schwann cells, satellite cells, and connective tissue deriving from ectodermal cells in continuity with the capsule.
The nervous system
Published in Frank J. Dye, Human Life Before Birth, 2019
It is through the gray matter that the spinal cord communicates with the body. Nerve cell bodies in the lower (ventral) half of the gray matter send axons out of the spinal cord to become the ventral (motor) roots of spinal nerves, so called because these nerves will innervate (supply with nerves) skeletal muscle and so control our motor activity. Nerve cell bodies in the upper (dorsal) half of the spinal cord receive axons of nerve cell bodies found in spinal ganglia (aggregates or masses of nerve cell bodies derived from the neural crest) outside the spinal cord. These axons form the dorsal (sensory) roots of spinal nerves and bring sensory input from peripheral parts of the body, such as skin. Beyond the spinal ganglia, the spinal nerves have both sensory and motor components and therefore make up what are called mixed nerves (Figure 13.3).
Adam Politzer (1835-1920) and the cochlear nucleus
Published in Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, 2021
Albert Mudry, John Riddington Young
Between 1885 and 1887, controversy prevailed about the exact structure of this nucleus. Forel stated that “the acoustic nerve has only two clear different roots: a) the so-called posterior, and b) the so-called anterior” (Forel 1885; Forel and Onofrowicz 1885). Adolf Franz Barth (1852–1936), however, referring to “nucleus of the auditory nerve,” said that after dissecting two brains, Monakow’s discovery, that Deiters’ nucleus (exterior nucleus of the auditory nerve) has no relation to the auditory nerve is confirmed. … As the proper nucleus of the auditory n. in the rabbit … the tuberculum acusticum (Stieda’s lateral tuberculum, Stilling’s column of the cerebellar peduncle) is considered, in which probably only the posterior root ends, and only after having passed through a ganglion (anterior nucleus of the auditory nerve. The so called anterior auditory nucleus is to be taken as homologous with the spinal ganglion. (Barth 1886, 252)
Intraspinal characteristics of thoracic spinal nerve roots anomalies
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2020
Zora Haviarová, Viktor Matejčík, Roman Kuruc, Ján Líška, Filip Halgaš
In the prone position, the paravertebral muscles were cut and removed from the vertebral spinous processes and laminae bilaterally from the C1 level caudally down to the sacrum. Stryker’s saw and bone punches were used to cut and removed the spinous processes. Kerisson roungers were used to removed laminae and parts of articular processes. This procedure allowed opening of the vertebral canal and complete visualization of the spinal dural sac without damage to the spinal cord itself and its exiting spinal nerve roots. The wide laminectomy opened the entire vertebral canal, so it was free for the examination of each spinal nerve root in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions from its origin from the spinal cord to its exit from the spinal canal via the intervertebral openings and sacral hiatus. A longitudinal cut opened the spinal dural sac and a dorsal strip of dura was removed revealing the cord and nerve roots completely. The nerve roots were cut laterally to the dorsal spinal ganglion (DRG) position enabling the complete visualization of the spinal cord, the medullary conus, and all the thoracic spinal nerve roots. The spinal cord segments and the exiting spinal nerve roots were explored and documented, allowing intradural and extradural anomalies and communications to be seen.
Perineural injection of botulinum toxin-A in painful peripheral nerve injury – a case series: pain relief, safety, sensory profile and sample size recommendation
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2019
Christine H. Meyer-Frießem, Lynn B. Eitner, Miriam Kaisler, Christoph Maier, Jan Vollert, Andrea Westermann, Peter K. Zahn, Carla A. Avila González
To date, the pharmacological effect of pBONT-A as acetylcholine release inhibitor remains unknown. It is assumed that BONT-A is not acting peripherally but rather centrally11, and there is no effect on C-fibers (e.g. by anterograde transport to the nociceptors), as seen with capsaicin-induced pain48. BONT-A is thought to alter both peripheral and central neurotransmitter release and consequently sensitization20,49,50. However, animal studies have shown that BONT-A may also have trans-synaptic activity in the spinal ganglion and possibly also in the spinal cord51. It is highly speculative to assume that after uptake following peripheral application BONT-A is transported retrograde along the axons that target the spinal cord21,52. Also, it remains open whether various BONT formulations act differently.