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Growth Assessment
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Julia Driggers, Kanak Verma, Vi Goh
Skinfold thickness measures subcutaneous body fat and is an indicator of total body fat composition. Triceps skinfold (TSFT) measures subcutaneous fat on the limbs and subscapular skinfold (SSFT) measures subcutaneous fat on the body trunk (Tables 1.11 and 1.12). Skinfold thickness varies based on age and gender with assessment of measurement based on median and standard deviations of the population. TSFT measurement is the most common and correlates with estimates of total body fat in women and children whereas SSFT is shown to be the best predictor of total body fat in men. TSFT and SSFT are not indicated as short-term measurements of fat stores. Skinfold thickness may not reflect total body fat stores and may not correlate with visceral fat deposits surrounding internal organs.
Total Calories and Protein Intake
Published in Luke R. Bucci, Nutrition Applied to Injury Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, 2020
Values obtained are compared to tables found in textbooks to find the percentile value for that individual.168–170 Values that are 15 to 20% less than usual body weight or muscle mass indicate malnutrition. Usual estimates of body fat and protein stores are accomplished by skinfold thickness measurements made by calipers. Common areas measured are the midarm triceps skinfold and the subscapular skinfold. The triceps skinfold can be combined with midarm circumference to calculate the midarm muscle area. Again, comparisons to tables can find the percentile of the population for an individual. The reader is referred to other texts for detailed instructions on measuring anthropometric values.174,175
Lysinuric protein intolerance
Published in William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop, Atlas of Inherited Metabolic Diseases, 2020
William L. Nyhan, Georg F. Hoffmann, Aida I. Al-Aqeel, Bruce A. Barshop
Most infants present with anorexia, vomiting and finally full-blown failure to thrive (Figures 32.2, 32.3, and 32.4) [3]. There may be alopecia. Subcutaneous fat is diminished or absent, and the skin folds loose. Diarrhea may suggest a malabsorption syndrome. Skin lesions may resemble those of kwashiorkor or acrodermatitis, and zinc deficiency (Figures 32.2 and 32.3). A dry scaly rash is sometimes seen, as well as sores on the sides of the mouth [16]. Dystrophic nails may contribute to the picture of acrodermatitis enteropathica (Figure 32.4). A five-year-old boy with chronic diarrhea and pitting edema of the lower extremities was thought to have celiac disease because villous atrophy was found on intestinal biopsy [16]. There was no improvement with a gluten-free diet. There is usually some hepatomegaly and muscular hypotonia. The spleen may be palpable. Body weight is reduced, and linear growth falls off. Of 20 Finnish patients [6], 16 had heights that were 2–6 SDs below the mean. Head circumference is normal. Skeletal maturation is usually delayed. Anemia is the rule, leukopenia common, and serum ferritin highly elevated. Increased plasma concentrations of cholesterol and triglycerides are frequently increased [17]. As in protein-deficient malnutrition (Kwashiorkor), there is fatty degeneration, and inflammation of the liver.
Traces of muscular fatigue in the rectus femoris identified with surface electromyography and wavelets on normal gait
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Alberto Fidalgo-Herrera, Juan Miangolarra-Page, Maria Carratalá-Tejada
The EMGs of each subjects right and left rectus femoris during gait were analyzed. Inclusion criteria included: being between 18 and 29 years old; obtain a minimum classification of active with the use of the Minnesota leisure time physical activity questionnaire (Comellas et al., 2012; Elosua et al., 2000, 1994); and being less than 30% body fat (Gallagher et al., 2000). Skinfold measurements were taken to ensure all participants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Carter’s equation was used to calculate the percentage of fat (Peinado, Bruzos, Gómez, and Iglesias, 2014). As exclusion criteria the following were taken into account: history of cardiac pathologies; history of neurologic pathologies; history of systemic diseases like diabetes; being in treatment with drugs with balance disturbance side effects; mental afflictions; fear of the experiment; locomotor apparatus surgical interventions of the lower limb in the past year; muscular or articular afflictions in the lower limb in the past month; or allergies to any of the components of the instruments used in the measurement.
The relation between body mass index and body fat percentage in Brazilian adolescents: assessment of variability, linearity, and categorisation
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2021
Matheus Pacheco, José Roberto de Maio Godoi Filho, José Nunes da Silva Filho, Josivana Pontes dos Santos, Edson dos Santos Farias
BMI was determined using weight (TANITA®, Japan) and height measures (Sanny®, Brazil). The classification of nutritional status of children based on BMI was derived in two ways: from z-score cutting points (BMI ≥ 1 z-score and BMI ≥ 2 z-score for overweight and obesity, respectively) and from the resulting linear model between BMI and BF% (see below). The BF% was derived from triceps and subscapular skinfold measures considering sex, race, and sexual maturation (Slaughter et al. 1988). The skinfold measures were evaluated using a skinfold calliper (Lange®, USA) (1 mm resolution) with the following protocol: all measurements were done on the right side of the body with the body at rest in orthostatic position with the tissue being measured with the help of the thumb and index fingers. Two measurements were made for each anatomical site, with the average of the two considered for further analyses. For the triceps skinfold measurement, the anatomical reference was the posterior face of the arm mid-way between the scapular acromion and the ulnar olecranon. For the subscapular skinfold measurement, the anatomical reference was the point 2 cm below the scapular inferior angle with the participant with his arms at the side of the body. The cutting points for BF% categories were 30 ≥ BF% ≥ 20 and BF% > 30 for overweight and obese, respectively, for males; and 35 ≥ BF% ≥ 25 and BF% > 35 for overweight and obese, respectively, for females.
Performance and thermoregulation of Dutch Olympic and Paralympic athletes exercising in the heat: Rationale and design of the Thermo Tokyo study: The journal Temperature toolbox
Published in Temperature, 2021
Johannus Q. de Korte, Coen C.W.G. Bongers, Maria T.E. Hopman, Lennart P.J. Teunissen, Kaspar M.B. Jansen, Boris R.M. Kingma, Sam B. Ballak, Kamiel Maase, Maarten H. Moen, Jan-Willem van Dijk, Hein A. M. Daanen, Thijs M.H. Eijsvogels
Body weight and height were measured using a digital scale with a stadiometer (Dongshan Jenix, DS-103, Seoul, Korea) with an accuracy of ±0.1 kg and ±1 mm, respectively. Skinfolds were assessed to the nearest 0.1 mm using a Harpenden Skinfold Caliper (Baty International, West Sussex, UK) calibrated as recommended by the manufacturer. Skinfold measurements were taken on the right side of the body using landmarks to identify the skinfold sites described by Norton [29]. Eight skinfold sites (i.e. triceps, biceps, subscapular, iliac crest, supraspinal, abdominal, front thigh, and medial calf) were marked and measured. All skinfold measurements were performed in duplicates to determine within-day reliability. If the difference between the duplicate measures exceeded 5% for an individual skinfold, a third measurement was performed after all other measurements were completed. The mean of double measurements or median of triple measurements will be used for further analyses.