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Phytomedicines Targeting Antibiotic Resistance through Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation Associated with Acne Vulgaris
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Isa A. Lambrechts, Namrita Lall
Sebum production is hypothesized to be the second pathogenic factor in the acne pathogenic pathway. Human sebum comprises several compounds that include cholesteryl esters, cholesterol, fatty acids, triglycerides, squalene, diglycerides and wax esters. Androgens are a group of hormones present in males and females. These hormones can stimulate sebaceous secretion, and it is hypothesized that some acne patients can possess sebocytes that have an increased sensitivity to androgens. Sebum serves as a carbon and nutrient source for acne-causing bacteria such as C. acnes. The bacteria that proliferate in the pilosebaceous unit produce inflammatory and chemotactic mediators. For the bacteria to release these mediators, they attract neutrophils, which drive the inflammatory process (James, Burkhart, and Morrell, 2009; Bhate and Williams, 2013; Pawin et al., 2004).
The science of ageing
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
In the realm of cosmetic treatments, age-dependent changes should be the crux of your assessment of an older patient. Decreased muscle, fat, and collagen will pre-dispose to hollow-appearing cheeks, thinner lips or sagging skin. We must, however, always have in the back of our minds that older patients will have a physiologically weakened immune system and consequently are more susceptible to opportunistic skin infections post-treatment. Lower circulating levels of sex hormones such as oestrogen and testosterone can cause the skin to become drier due to decreased sebum production. As sebum is an oily substance secreted with the primary intention of keeping the skin hydrated, when less is produced it may predispose people to skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis.
Introduction to dermatological treatment
Published in Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard, Differential Diagnosis in Dermatology, 2021
Richard Ashton, Barbara Leppard
Retinoids are derivatives of vitamin A. Their exact mode of action is unknown but they have many effects including: Induction of differentiation of epidermal cells. This may be how they work in psoriasis, actinic keratoses and Bowen's disease. In patients who have had organ transplants, they may suppress the development of epithelial tumours (e.g. BCCs & SCCs), but they do not make established tumours go away.Shrinking of sebaceous glands causing decreased production of sebum.Anti-inflammatory effects by reducing prostaglandins and leukotrienes.Modulation of the immune response by enhancing T helper cells and stimulating interleukin 1.
Investigation of systemic immune-inflammation index and systemic inflammation response index as an indicator of the anti-inflammatuary effect of isotretinoin in patients with acne vulgaris
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2022
Nur Cihan Cosansu, Gülcan Yuksekal, Ulku Turan, Fulya Umitfer, Mahizer Yaldiz, Bahar Sevimli Dikicier
Treatment, based on severity, can involve a variety of topical and systemic agents directed at reducing sebum production, comedone formation, inflammation, and bacterial counts and at normalising keratinisation. Oral isotretinoin (ISO) is a systemic agent used in moderate/severe acne which is effective at all stages of acne pathogenesis including inflammation2. ISO decreases sebum production, corrects the keratinisation, and has an inflammatory effect3. Although its anti-inflammatory effect by downregulating toll-like receptor 2 expressions on monocytes and neutrophil migration, the exact mechanism of action of isotretinoin has not been identified yet4. In clinical practice, patients are followed up with laboratory tests such as complete blood count (CBC), liver and kidney function tests, and lipid profile5. Isotretinoin use can lead to various abnormalities in hematological parameters, such as leukopoenia, neutropenia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, and thrombocytosis6.
Azelaic acid loaded chitosan and HPMC based hydrogels for treatment of acne: formulation, characterization, in vitro-ex vivo evaluation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Muhammet Davut Arpa, İkbal Merve Seçen, Ümit Can Erim, Ayşegül Hoş, Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
Acne vulgaris, (frequently called acne), is a common skin disorder, which mostly influences teenagers, yet people from all age groups have been affected at least once in their lifetimes (Yang et al. 2009; Chandrashekha et al. 2015; Eroğlu et al. 2020). Acne classification is performed according to the physical shape as comedonal (whitehead, blackhead), papulopustular (papule, pustule) and nodular, and according to the intensity as mild, moderate and severe (Vyas et al. 2014). Sebum production, accumulation of dead skin cells in follicles and hormonal factors are the endogenous factors that contribute to acne formation; however, the major cause of acne pathogenesis is the microorganisms (Kumar et al. 2016). Among these microorganisms, gram-positive Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes, recently renamed Cutibacterium acnes) has been the primary cause, whereas microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) are known to increase the severity of this disease (Charnock et al. 2004; Hsieh and Chen 2012; Doǧan et al. 2017; Dreno et al. 2017; Platsidaki and Dessinioti 2018).
Effect of oral administration of Triphala, a polyphenol-rich prebiotic, on scalp sebum in patients with scalp seborrhea a randomized clinical trial
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Elham Zareie, Parvin Mansouri, Hamed Hosseini, Omid Sadeghpour, Laila Shirbeigi, Someyeh Hejazi, Majid Emtiazy
Oily skin (seborrhea) characterizes by a shiny and greasy appearance. Sebum, as a hydrophobic coating, lubricates skin and hair and provides an antibacterial shield. Seborrhea occurs because of excessive amounts of sebum produced by oversized sebaceous glands. In addition to its adverse effects on one’s mood and social interactions, seborrhea may predispose sufferers to other skin disorders, such as acne and seborrheic dermatitis (1–3). Suggestions on how to control seborrhea define in a wide spectrum. Frequent washing is recommended in cases without complications. Antifungals, contraceptives, or even isotretinoin may recommend, especially when symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis or acne are associated. Although these treatments can help reduce symptoms, their potentially more severe adverse effects, especially with long-term use, cannot be ignored (4–6). Even the need for frequent washing not only affects the sufferer’s daily life, but also may lead to sensitive or irritable skin; thus, it does not seem an efficient recommendation (1,7).