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A Review of Automatic Cardiac Segmentation using Deep Learning and Deformable Models
Published in Kayvan Najarian, Delaram Kahrobaei, Enrique Domínguez, Reza Soroushmehr, Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Medicine, 2022
Behnam Rahmatikaregar, Shahram Shirani, Zahra Keshavarz-Motamed
The right ventricle receives the deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the pulmonary artery which carries blood to the lungs for oxygenation. The left ventricle collects oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium and pumps it through the aorta and coronary arteries to the rest of the body. Figure 2.1 shows the heart's structures.
Cardiac Ultrasound
Published in John McCafferty, James M Forsyth, Point of Care Ultrasound Made Easy, 2020
Nick B Spath, Anoop SV Shah, Shirjel R Alam
Left atrial size is seen best in the apical 4-chamber view. It has relevance because it may be clearly dilated in atrial fibrillation, mitral valve disease, cardiomyopathy or a combination of these pathologies. A left atrial diameter of 2.7–3.8 mm in women and 3.0–4.0 mm in men can be considered normal. Assessment of the right atrium has a less prominent role in point-of-care echocardiography, but visual appreciation of its size and function is still possible, again predominantly from the apical 4-chamber view. Amongst the pathological processes causing dilatation of the right atrium are severe tricuspid regurgitation, atrial septal defects, atrial fibrillation and pulmonary hypertension (see Figure 5.17).
Anesthesia for Patients with Ventricular Assist Devices
Published in Wayne E. Richenbacher, Mechanical Circulatory Support, 2020
For postimplantation assessment of the LVAD with TEE a transverse four chamber view is very helpful in showing the correct positioning of the apical conduit (Figs. 8.1, 8.2). Color flow doppler and continuous wave doppler must demonstrate a laminar flow pattern into the cannula. The response of the right ventricle to the implantation of the LVAD is one of the key features determining the overall success of the implantation procedure. A complete assessment of right ventricular function is evaluated. The tricuspid valve is assessed with color flow doppler. LVAD insertion increases right ventricular preload and improves right ventricular compliance, therefore, right ventricular end-diastolic volume increases while right ventricular end-diastolic pressure decreases. As a result, LVAD implantation may acutely decrease mitral regurgitation while worsening tricuspid regurgitation. This is probably secondary to a leftward shift of the interventricular septum, increased right ventricular compliance and an increasing volume load to the right ventricle with increased cardiac output. Right atrium and ventricle size, along with right ventricular wall thickness and contractility, are evaluated by measuring right atrial diastolic function including evaluation of hepatic veins and total flow velocities. A view of the atrial septum in conjunction with color flow imaging should be able to detect any PFO if present, once implantation of the LVAD has occurred. Again an agitated normal saline contrast test should be performed (Fig. 8.3).
Management of congenitally corrected transposition from fetal diagnosis to adulthood
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2023
Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries (ccTGA) is a complex congenital heart disease first described from an autopsy by a Bohemian pathologist working in Vienna, Karl von Rokitansky, in 1875 [1]. The anomaly is characterized by atrioventricular and ventriculo-arterial discordance [2]. Deoxygenated blood from the right atrium flows through the mitral valve into the morphological left ventricle, which gives rise to the pulmonary artery. Then, oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium that communicates with the morphological tricuspid valve and right ventricle, that is connected to the aorta. The aorta is located usually anterior and to the left. Consequently, the double discordance results in hemodynamic compensation, but the morphologically right ventricle works as systemic ventricle (systemic right ventricle, sRV). The most common anomalies are ventricular septal defect, pulmonary or subpulmonary stenosis, and systemic atrioventricular (morphological tricuspid) valve abnormalities [3] (Table 1). Additionally, cardiac malposition (dextrocardia or mesocardia) occurs in up to one-third of the patients. Associated malformations, especially the Ebstein-like anomaly of the systemic atrioventricular valve, have a significant impact on the clinical course of the disease. Conduction disturbances, including complete atrio-ventricular block, are another common cause of increased morbidity in ccTGA patients and might be the first manifestation of the disease.
Filler-induced non-thrombotic pulmonary embolism after genital aesthetic injection
Published in Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, 2022
At present, the anatomical mechanism of FINTPE caused by genital injection is not precise. In general, the injury of blood vessels is regarded as the cause (14). For vaginal injection, with abundant vessels and narrow local space in the vagina, it is likely to produce excessive pressure, severe vascular injury, and filler displacement during injection (14,17,20,31). It is supposed that the fillers may be inadvertently injected into the blood vessels through the vaginal wall and drained to the internal iliac vein through the venous plexus on both sides of the vagina and through the uterine vein, bladder venous plexus, and rectal venous plexus. The fillers in the internal iliac vein then enter the inferior vena cava reflux system and reach the right atrium. Finally, the fillers pass through the right atrium and right ventricle and successfully cause embolism by pumping into the pulmonary arteries (15). This process is kind of like the mechanism of the pulmonary embolism caused by buttock augmentation with fat grafting (34,35). We summarized that the mechanism of FINTPE has two elements: 1. There are many blood vessels in anatomical parts, especially thin-walled veins with large blood flow, which largely increases the possibility of vascular damage. 2. Large injection volume within a small injection space leads to excessive local pressure, pushing the emboli to enter the blood vessel.
First Trimester Prenatal Diagnosis of a Conotruncal Anomaly Using Spatiotemporal Image Correlation Imaging Confirmed by Conventional Autopsy
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Balaganesh Karmegaraj, Vani Udhayakumar, Gigi Selvan
External examination of the fetus showed no obvious congenital anomalies. The heart was dissected using the approach described by Erickson [4] and described according to the sequential segmental analysis proposed by Anderson et al. [5] There was usual arrangement of the abdominal and thoracic organs. The heart was in the left hemithorax (Figure 2A). The inferior caval vein was intact and drained into the right sided atrium. There were bilateral superior caval veins with no bridging vein, right sided aortic arch with mirror image branching and normal thymus gland (Figure 2B-D) The pulmonary veins drained normally into the left sided atrium. The right sided atrial appendage was larger and more pyramidal (Figure 2A). The left sided atrial appendage was finger like (Figure 2B). The right atrium opened into the anterior ventricle through a morphologically normal tricuspid valve. The left atrioventricular connection was normal. There was a large subaortic VSD (Figure 2D) and great arteries disproportion [main pulmonary artery (MPA) < Ascending Aorta (AO)] (Figure 2B). The MPA arose from the left side of the ascending aorta with confluent branch pulmonary arteries and the ductus arteriosus was absent confirming the diagnosis of Type I Truncus arteriosus. (Figure 3 (E-G)). Retrospective rendering of the stored STIC movies confirmed the origin of MPA from the left side of AO (Figure 1 E&F).