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Renal Disease; Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
There are two kidneys behind the peritoneum at the back of the upper abdomen. The right kidney lies below the liver and so is lower than the left kidney. The outer layer of the kidney is the renal cortex and the inner layer is the renal medulla (Figure 8.1). During development, kidneys form in the pelvis and move upwards. Sometimes one or both kidneys can remain in the pelvis. If both remain in the pelvis, they may fuse together to form a horseshoe kidney.
The patient with acute renal problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
There are three specific areas in the kidney. There is an outer section called the renal cortex, which contains all of the glomeruli and portions of the tubule. The inner section is known as the renal medulla, and this contains the straight segments of the proximal and distal tubules and the collecting ducts. Renal pyramids are found here, and these cone-shaped areas have their apices ending in the papillae, which open into the minor calyx. Urine passes from the collecting ducts in the pyramid to two small cavities, the minor calyces and the major calyces, and, from here, it enters the renal pelvis. Finally, the renal pelvis is formed from the expanded upper section of the ureter and it acts as a collecting space.
Role of Metabolism in Chemically Induced Nephrotoxicity
Published in Robin S. Goldstein, Mechanisms of Injury in Renal Disease and Toxicity, 2020
Cephaloridine (CPH) is a β-lactam antibiotic that produces acute proximal tubular necrosis (Tune, 1986). A critical biochemical feature of its mechanism of nephrotoxicity is the active and selective accumulation of CPH in renal cortex by the organic anion transport system. This concentrating ability has thus been viewed as a major determinant of the cell type specificity of CPH-induced cytotoxicity. Two mechanisms have been proposed to explain the action of CPH in renal cells, mitochondrial toxicity and oxidative stress. The two mechanisms differ with respect to the site on the CPH molecule that is involved in producing the toxicity. CPH is a trifunctional molecule, possessing the central cephem ring that is characteristic of all the cephalosporin antibiotics, the thiophene ring, and the pyridinium ring (Figure 4).
Oxidative stress and histopathological changes in several organs of mice injected with biogenic silver nanoparticles
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2022
Shushanik Kazaryan, Lilit Farsiyan, Juleta Tumoyan, Gayane Kirakosyan, Naira Ayvazyan, Hrachik Gasparyan, Sona Buloyan, Lilit Arshakyan, Ara Kirakosyan, Ashkhen Hovhannisyan
There are noticeable pathological changes in the kidneys of animals treated with AgNPs, compared to the control group. In the glomeruli, there is glomerulosclerosis with the proliferation of mesangial cells. Also, in arteries of the kidneys was observed hyperplastic atherosclerosis with smooth muscle proliferation. Obstruction of the arteries in some areas of the tissue led to ischaemic processes, as a result, there was focal coagulative necrosis. As well, interstitial nephritis and acute tubular necrosis in some areas of the renal cortex were observed (Figure 1). Statistical comparison of different pathological parameters of the kidney showed that compare to control processes of inflammation and the presence of hyperaemia were significantly higher in this group (p < .05).
Therapeutic role of Azadirachta indica leaves ethanolic extract against diabetic nephropathy in rats neonatally induced by streptozotocin
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Abd El-Fattah B. M. El-Beltagy, Amira M.B. Saleh, Amany Attaallah , Reham A. Gahnem
The renal sections from control (Figure 2A&A1) and neem supplemented (Figure 2B&B1) rats appeared with normal histological architecture whereas it is differentiated into outer cortex and inner medulla. The renal cortex displayed well-organized renal corpuscles and tubules. The renal corpuscle consists of glomerulus that is surrounded by Bowman’s space and intact Bowman’s capsule that lined with simple squamous epithelium. The renal tubules represented by proximal tubules (PT), distal tubules (DT) and collecting ducts (CD). The PT is characterized by its star-shaped lumen that is lined with brush bordered cubical epithelium. Moreover, the DT has relatively rounded lumen that lined by cubical epithelium with little microvilli. The CD lined with short cubical epithelium and has a relatively wider lumen than the PT and DT. The renal medulla displayed well-organized collecting ducts and Henel,s loops.
Aging erythrocyte membranes as biomimetic nanometer carriers of liver-targeting chromium poisoning treatment
Published in Drug Delivery, 2021
Qing Yao, Guobao Yang, Hao Wang, Jingzhou Liu, Jinpeng Zheng, Bai Lv, Meiyan Yang, Yang Yang, Chunsheng Gao, Yongxue Guo
Mice were intravenously injected with K2CrO4, and the treatment was started on the 8th day. After 14 days, HE staining of the sections of the main organs of the mice was observed, as shown in Figure 4(E). The liver and lungs of the K2CrO4 poisoning group were damaged to a certain extent. The liver, spleen, and lung tissues of the free-DMSA, DMSA-NLC, and AEM-DMSA-NP groups (compared to the K2CrO4-infected group) were not significantly affected. The HE staining of muscle fibers in each heart tissue was uniform, the epicardium was not thickened, some muscle spaces were not significantly enlarged or smaller, myocardial nuclei were round or oval, the transverse striations of muscle fibers were clear, and no eosinophilic lesions were seen in the muscle fibers (Huang et al., 2018). In the renal tissue, the renal capsule was smooth, the boundary between the cortex and medulla was obvious, the glomeruli in the renal cortex were normal and evenly distributed, and no obvious changes were observed in the renal medulla area. The brain tissue of each group was clear, the nerve cells were closely arranged, the nucleus was clear, and the cytoplasmic nucleus was clearly stained. The results showed that DMSA had low toxicity and a good effect on detoxifying chromium poisoning.