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Morphology and skeletal muscle
Published in Francesco E. Marino, Human Fatigue, 2019
However, the BI alone cannot account for the seemingly muscular adaptation of the Neanderthals. In fact, along with a smaller BI, the Neanderthal radius also possessed a significant lateral shaft curvature and a more medially located radial tuberosity (De Groote 2011b). These features suggest a much better mechanical advantage for Neanderthals since the lateral curvature of the radius allows for a larger muscle belly, with the muscle insertion maintained close to the axis of rotation. In addition, the larger and more medially placed radial tuberosity makes the biceps a stronger supinator (De Groote 2011b; Trinkaus & Churchill 1988). Furthermore, Neanderthal ulnae have a more distal brachialis insertion and larger mid-shaft and proximal epiphyses, all indicating that the joint reaction forces were likely much larger compared with modern humans (De Groote 2011b). Figure 5.3 also shows that Neanderthals had broader shoulders coupled with the larger shoulder joint. It has also been shown that the glenoid fossa in Neanderthals is elongated and shallow with less projecting articular rims compared to the deeper and broader glenoid fossa of modern humans (Macias & Churchill 2014). These distinct features necessitated larger muscle attachments and likely larger muscles generally. If this was the case, the one conclusion that can be drawn is that our closest extinct relatives certainly had a stronger, more powerful upper body.
Upper Limb
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
Between the head of the radius and the radial tuberosity lies the neck of the radius, and posterior to the radial tuberosity lies the anterior oblique line of the radius (Plate 4.12a–c), which serves as a muscle attachment. There is a logic to the names of the characteristics of the radius and ulna. A tuberosity is a prominence of a bone, so the bone’s name comes before the term “tuberosity,” because that bone is the active player—for instance, the tuberosity on the radius is called the radial tuberosity. A notch on a bone often receives the prominences of another bone, so the notched bone is the passive player now. Therefore, the name of the active player is used before the term “notch,” so, for example, the ulna has a notch to receive the head of the radius, and this notch is accordingly designated the radial notch of the ulna.
Upper limb
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
Radius– head (articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna)– radial tuberosity (attaches tendon from biceps brachii)– styloid process (more distal to styloid process of ulna)– articulates with scaphoid and lunate distally
Evaluation of function following rehabilitation after distal biceps tendon repair
Published in European Journal of Physiotherapy, 2020
Maria Liljeros, Monika Fagevik Olsén, Gunilla Kjellby Wendt
The results of static strength in extension and flexion were found to be similar in both arms, with no significant difference in the distribution regarding which arm was stronger. This indicates that in the longer perspective, it is possible to regain equivalent strength in the injured arm as in the non-injured arm. Our results are in line with previous studies, showing that surgical treatment with early re-insertion of the distal attachment in the anatomical position of the radial tuberosity gives positive results for regaining strength in flexion and supination [9,10]. The results of our study also indicate that regardless of hand dominance, the outcome of ROM and static strength seems unaffected. This result differs from a previous study [8], showing that patients regained full strength in both flexion and supination if the dominant arm was injured, however in the non-dominant arm, strength was decreased by 14%. It is unknown why our results differ, but it is possible that the rehabilitation programme in our study was more successful in encouraging those who injured their non-dominant side to carry out rehabilitation.
Brachial distal biceps injuries
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2019
Drew Krumm, Peter Lasater, Guillaume Dumont, Travis J. Menge
The biceps brachii muscle is made up of a short head and a long head. The short head originates on the coracoid process, while the long head originates on the supraglenoid tubercle. They each insert on the radial tuberosity. This muscle’s main action is to supinate the forearm, but it also assists in elbow flexion. Since the short head has a more distal attachment on the tuberosity than the long head, it is a greater contributor to elbow flexion. The long head attaches to the apex of the tuberosity and is a greater contributor to supination than the short head. The biceps is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve and receives its blood supply from branches of the brachial artery. On clinical exam, the distal biceps tendon may be mistaken for the lacertus fibrosus, also known as the bicipital aponeurosis, which originates from the short head of the biceps and helps protect the neurovascular bundle in the antecubital fossa. The lateral antebrachial cutaneous nerve (LABCN), which is the terminal cutaneous branch of the musculocutaneous nerve, is at risk for injury in operative repair of distal biceps avulsion injuries. It is located between the biceps and brachialis muscles and pierces the deep fascia just lateral to the distal biceps tendon. The nerve is located in the subcutaneous tissue of the antecubital fossa and supplies sensation to the lateral aspect of the forearm. The radial nerve is also at risk for injury. The radial nerve is located between the brachioradialis and brachialis near the distal humerus. It bifurcates into the posterior interosseous nerve and radial sensory nerve in the antecubital fossa [6].
Management of posterior interosseous nerve (PIN) palsies after distal biceps tendon repair using a single incision technique- a conclusive approach to diagnostics and therapy
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Inga S. Besmens, Marco Guidi, Andreas Schiller, David Jann, Pietro Giovanoli, Maurizio Calcagni
Then an 8 mm uni-cortical tunnel over the 3.2 mm guide pin is drilled. The Biceps-Button is inserted through both cortices of the radial tuberosity and the button is seated against the radius. Before knotting the suture we recommend confirming snug placement of the button on the bone by fluoroscopy. After the loop suture is knotted a Tenodesis Screw is inserted on the radial side of the bone tunnel, pushing the tendon more ulnar.