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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Macalister (1875) notes that the muscles of mastication have few variations aside from individual variations in size. Connections between the muscles of mastication may occur and reflect these muscles’ shared origin from the same muscular mass (Bergman et al. 1988). For example, the medial pterygoid may send a slip to the masseter (Bergman et al. 1988; Watanabe 2016). It may also give origin to styloglossus or send a slip to tensor veli palatini (Macalister 1875; Bergman et al. 1988; Watanabe 2016). The medial pterygoid may originate in part from the pterygoid fossa or the lateral surface of the medial pterygoid plate (Bhojwani et al. 2017).
Evolution of Form in the Craniofacial Complex
Published in D. Dixon Andrew, A.N. Hoyte David, Ronning Olli, Fundamentals of Craniofacial Growth, 2017
The pterygoid plates and maxillary tuberosity serve as areas of attachment for the pterygoid musculature. Based on examination of adult skulls over the years, the bony union between the pterygoid plates and maxillary tuberosity tends to be more extensive and the size of the pterygoid fossa and fissure reduced in chimpanzees and gorillas.
Jaw resection
Published in John Dudley Langdon, Mohan Francis Patel, Robert Andrew Ord, Peter Brennan, Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 2017
For the assessment of bone invasion in the maxilla, most prefer a computed tomography (CT) scan. In our practice, both MRI and CT scans are used to fully assess the tumour when there is concern over the involvement of the orbit, skull base or the infratemporal or pterygoid fossa. The CT scan is probably best for the skull base, and the MRI to assess the infratemporal fossa and both contribute equally to the invasion of the orbital contents.
Post-traumatic glomus tumor of the left anterior supraclavicular nerve: a case report
Published in Neurological Research, 2023
Alessandra Turrini, Guido Staffa, Giulio Rossi, Crescenzo Capone
GTs are usually benign, soft-tissue neoplasms originating from the thermoregulatory neuromyoarterial glomus bodies. There are several theories regarding the pathogenesis of neuronal GT, such as infiltration from extra-neural tissues or development from intraneural ectopic glomus cells, but it is currently believed that the neoplasm develops through the differentiation of unspecialized perivascular cells, the pericytes [7]. Those areas rich in glomus bodies such as the subungual regions of the digits and the deep dermis of the palms, wrists, forearms, and feet are typically involved. However, cases of GTs arising from organs thought to be without glomus bodies such as the mediastinum, nasal cavity, tongue, lung, trachea, mediastinum, gastrointestinal tract, genitalia, bones, pterygoid fossa, knee, and blood vessels, have also been described [1–3]. Nevertheless, the involvement of peripheral nerves remains extremely rare and their true incidence is likely underestimated [5]. To date, only 24 cases of peripheral nerve GTs have been described in the literature. The majority of the cases reported intraneural GTs, while a small percentage referred to cases of epineural GTs and glomangiomatosis [7]. Peripheral nerves of the extremities are almost always affected with a slight prevalence of the upper limbs [1,3,7–18] on the lower limbs [3–5,19–25]. The tumors ranged from <0.4 mm to about 11 cm in size, and with the exception of two cases [10,13], they were all single lesions. Therefore, before our patient, no cases of peripheral nerve GTs of the cervical plexus had been reported.
A Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial to Evaluate Analgesic Efficacy of Bilateral Pterygopalatine Fossa Injection in Patients Undergoing Maxillofacial Cancer Surgeries Under General Anesthesia
Published in Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 2021
Ekramy M Abdelghafar, Dina Nabil Abbas, Ahmed Othman, Sherif Bahaa Elddin Zayed, Ashraf Hamed Shawki
We found that the technique only required a short duration of time to administer, approximately 6 min. In a study by Nader et al., they used the ultrasound-guided PPF block technique in patients suffering from trigeminal neuralgia and atypical facial pain. They found that all PPF blocks were achieved within 5 min from needle insertion to needle withdrawal. All patients experienced complete sensory block to pinprick in the V2 branch distribution, and 80% achieved total sensory block in V1, V2, and V3 distributions within 15 min of receiving a block. They concluded that an ultrasound-guided injection of 5 mL 0.25% bupivacaine combined with steroid under the lateral pterygoid muscle in the pterygoid fossa resulted in immediate sensory analgesia in all branches of the trigeminal nerve. Most patients also experienced and sustained pain control [9].
Efficacy and toxicity of proton with photon radiation for locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2019
Arnaud Beddok, Loïc Feuvret, Georges Noel, Stéphanie Bolle, Mélanie Deberne, Hamid Mammar, Adriel Chaze, Christophe Le Tourneau, Farid Goudjil, Sophia Zefkili, Philippe Herman, Rémi Dendale, Valentin Calugaru
All patients had surgical implantation of four to five fiducial gold markers in the outer table of the skull in order to help the alignment [11]. The organ at risk (OAR) dose thresholds used to generate the proton beams plans were these ones used in ICPO to treat the skull base tumors (reported in the Table 2 of the [9]). The HR–CTV included GTV with a margin of 5–10 mm. It was first treated in photons, then all the patients received a proton boost. The low risk CTV (LR–CTV) included the bilateral cervical lymph nodes from I to V levels and the intermediate risk CTV (IR–CTV) included the entire NP, bilateral retropharyngeal nodal regions, skull base, clivus, pterygoid fossae, parapharyngeal space, sphenoid sinus, and the posterior third of the nasal cavity/maxillary sinuses. These two volumes were treated in photons. The prescribed doses were 70–78 Gy RBE (Relative Biological Effectiveness = 1.1) (1.8–2 Gy RBE/fraction) for the HR–PTV, 63 Gy (1.8 Gy/fraction) for the IR–PTV and 40–54 Gy (1.8–2 Gy/fraction) for the LR–PTV. Furthermore, it should be noted that the patients treated between 1999 and 2002 received 3D conformal radiation therapy photons (Cobalt) for the LR–CTV, whereas the patients treated between 2013 and 2016 received radical IMRT (Helical Tomotherapy) with 6 MV X-rays for the LR–CTV and IR–CTV. The proton boost was obtained for all the patients with 201 MeV protons and the double scattering (DS) technique was used.