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Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Dietary fructose intake in conjunction with high salt intake can contribute to hypertension. Fructose can impair insulin signaling in insulin-responsive tissues and can contribute to insulin resistance (Baena et al., 2016). In the setting of insulin resistance, more circulating insulin is present which can lead to increased sympathetic response that further elevates blood pressure (Figure 5.2). Fructose can also influence intestinal sodium absorption leading to increase expression of sodium and hydrogen transport proteins, and rat models demonstrate that fructose can increase reabsorption within the kidney proximal tubule, the site of sodium reabsorption. In fact, rat models have shown that at a fructose consumption of 40% of daily caloric intake led to an increased tail cuff blood pressure reading. A renal proximal tubule mechanism was suggested by increased proximal tubule expression of sodium transporters compared to control rats in the study (Gonzalez-Vicente, et al. 2018).
Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Oxidative stress plays a role in a variety of renal diseases such as glomerulonephritis and tubule-interstitial nephritis, chronic renal failure, proteinuria, uremia, and diabetic nephropathy (6, 61). Various metals such as heavy metals (Cadmium, Chrome, Mercury, Lead, Uranium), transition metals in excessive concentrations (Cobalt, Cupper, Iron, Zinc), or metals used in cancer therapy (Platine, Vanadium), accumulate in the mammalian kidney, largely in the proximal tubule cells, and cause functional and structural damage that results in reabsorptive and secretory defects (62). The intracellular mechanisms of their toxicity in the proximal tubule cells are not well-known. Recent studies have indicated an oxidative stress with associated lipid peroxidation, apoptosis, and necrosis as common phenomena in the course of nephrotoxicity of these metals (62).
Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Kidneys and Ureters
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Paul Sturch, Sanjeev Madaan, Seshadri Sriprasad
Urine is formed through reabsorption of water and salts and the secretion of waste products.Blood passes into the glomerulus (an extension of the renal capillaries) and into the Bowman’s capsule.The high permeability of the glomerulus is achieved through:Fenestration of the negatively-charged capillary endothelial layer.Filtration slits in the glomerulus.Passive ultrafiltration of plasma across the semipermeable membrane into the proximal tubule creates urine.Fine-tuning of urine occurs in the LOH, distal tubule, CD, and renal pelvis.
Targeted drug delivery strategy: a bridge to the therapy of diabetic kidney disease
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Xian Chen, Wenni Dai, Hao Li, Zhe Yan, Zhiwen Liu, Liyu He
Glomerular basement membrane (GBM) thickening is considered as the earliest observed pathological feature in patients with DKD, which is appeared within 1–2 years after the onset of DM (Tervaert et al., 2010; Ponchiardi et al., 2013). Endothelial cells play an important role in the progression of DKD. With the development of DKD, the fenestrated ECs are decreased in diabetic patients, which correlates with albuminuria and the loss of GFR (Dou and Jourde-Chiche, 2019). Mesangial expansion, caused by Mesangial cells (MCs) enlargement and accumulation of glomerular matrix protein, is the most common renal pathological change in DKD (Reidy et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2019). On the glomerular capillary side of MCs, without the surrounding of GBM and podocytes, drugs can be delivered to MCs for treating kidney diseases (Scindia et al., 2008). Podocytes are glomerular epithelial cells which contain 3 separate elements: cell body, extending processes and foot processes (Garg, 2018). Podocytes injury in DKD is induced by many compound factors, such as inflammatory reaction, mechanical stress, oxidative stress, renin angiotensin aldosterone system activation, TGF-β1 induction, and AGEs accumulation, and any part of the pathway is expected to be the target of DKD therapy (Kawanami et al., 2016). The renal tubules consist of the proximal tubules, collecting tubules and distal tubules. The morphological and functional changes of the renal tubules are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of DKD (Duan et al., 2021). Most renal tubular targeted systems are directed at the proximal tubules (Christensen et al., 2012).
Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress in isolated proximal tubules of mouse: the in vitro effects of myricitrin and its solid lipid nanoparticle
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2021
Akram Ahangarpour, Ali Akbar Oroojan, Layasadat Khorsandi, Maryam Kouchak, Mohammad Badavi
The three months old male NMRI mice in this experimental study (25–30 g) were obtained from the Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences (AJUMS) animal facility and, were treated in accordance with the principles and guidelines on animal care of AJUMS as reviewed by an ethics committee (IR.AJUMS.REC.1395.136), and kept at a 20 °C ± 4 °C temperature with a 12 h light/12 h dark cycle. They had access to tap water and commercial chow ad libitum. The microdissection of the proximal tubules was performed as described by Schafer et al. (1997) and Levillain and Hus-Citharel (1998) with a little modification. In brief, the mice were anesthetized by Ketamine/Xylazine (70/10 mg/kg). The left kidney was exposed, removed and washed in the PBS (10 mL) containing penicillin-streptomycin (100 U/mL–100 µg/mL, respectively) 5x, 3x, 2x and 1x successively. Following that, the kidney decapsulated was cut in 1.0-mm-thick sagittal slices and was immersed in the DMEM medium containing 0.5 mg/mL of collagenase P under 5% CO2 at 37 °C condition for 10 min with mild shaking. After centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 2 min, the enzyme-containing solution was removed and the cold DMEM medium was replaced. Finally, the proximal tubules were detected under a light microscope (Figure 1).
Grape seed extract protects against amiodarone - induced nephrotoxicity and ultrastructural alterations associated with the inhibition of biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in rats
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Refaat A. Eid, Mohamed Samir Ahmed Zaki, Mubarak Al-Shraim, Muhammad Alaa Eldeen, Mohamed A. Haidara
In the, AMD plus GSE-treated group, a glomerulus showing glomerular capillary, basement membranes, endothelium, mesangial, visceral cells or podocytes with foot processes (Figure 5a). Higher magnification of the glomerulus showed glomerular capillary lining by a basement membrane with a minimal thickening. The three layers of the glomerular membrane and thin diaphragms, foot processes, fenestrations and podocyte are seen (Figure 5b). A cross section of a proximal tubule illustrated epithelial cells lining the tubule resting on the basement membrane. Intact mitochondria (m) and enfolding membranes with an intact nucleus were also seen (Figure 5c). A cross-section of a distal tubule showed epithelial cells resting on the basement membrane. Intact mitochondria and enfolding membranes with an intact nucleus are seen (Figure 5d).