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Autonomic Nervous System
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The final common pathway of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems consists of two motoneurons in series. The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons lie in the brainstem and spinal cord, and their axons synapse with the postganglionic neurons. The cell bodies of these postganglionic neurons lie outside the central nervous system and frequently form swellings (ganglia) in the nerve.
Anatomy & Embryology
Published in Manit Arya, Taimur T. Shah, Jas S. Kalsi, Herman S. Fernando, Iqbal S. Shergill, Asif Muneer, Hashim U. Ahmed, MCQs for the FRCS(Urol) and Postgraduate Urology Examinations, 2020
The blood supplying the glands stems from the aorta, inferior phrenic and ipsilateral renal arteries. Preganglionic sympathetic fibres directly innervate the medulla to stimulate catecholamine release.
Neuroanatomical Basis
Published in Fuad Lechin, Bertha van der Dijs, Neurochemistry and Clinical Disorders: Circuitry of Some Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Syndromes, 2020
Fuad Lechin, Bertha van der Dijs, Jose Amat, Marcel Lechin
Cholinergic neurons are widely disseminated in most CNS structures: the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, septum, hypothalamus, and other brain areas (see Figures 14 and 15). All these cholinergic intemeurons receive heavy input from ACh system disseminated along the BSRF. The BSRF projects to cholinergic preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons. In turn, preganglionic neurons make contact with and stimulate postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons, respectively.
Communication between the gut microbiota and peripheral nervous system in health and chronic disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Tyler M. Cook, Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
The afferent system provides critical information to the CNS, which integrate the visceral information and produces an effect on peripheral organs via autonomic efferent fibers. Although oversimplified, the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferent neurons are generically segregated based on functions aiding in stress responses (fight or flight) or returning to baseline (rest and digest), respectively. As illustrated Figure 2, sympathetic preganglionic neurons are short and release acetylcholine onto postganglionic neurons triggering the release of mainly norepinephrine onto peripheral organs. Conversely, parasympathetic preganglionic neurons send long projections out to postganglionic neurons which are often located within the target tissue. Both pre- and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine. Autonomic neurotransmitter release onto peripheral tissues is crucial for regulating key metabolic functions, which are often disrupted in chronic disease.
Correlation of neurological level and sweating level of injury in persons with spinal cord injury
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2021
Michelle Trbovich, Ashley Ford, Yubo Wu, Wouter Koek, Jill Wecht, Dean Kellogg
Limitations of this study include the use of sensory incomplete persons (i.e. AIS B) who may have more “autonomic incompleteness” than persons with sensorimotor complete (AIS A) injuries. Reorganization of sympathetic preganglionic neurons can occur after SCI and may provide for some autonomic integrity despite motor complete classification by ISNCSCI. Unfortunately, there is currently no objective validated and comprehensive measure of autonomic completeness, so the ISAFSCI was used as the best surrogate in this study. Furthermore, 50 percent of the participants with SCI were actively taking anticholinergic (Ach) medications for management of neurogenic bladder, which has potential to decrease cholinergically mediated SR. Fortunately, the few studies that have examined sympathetic (specifically vasomotor or sudomotor) levels/completeness post-SCI in persons taking Ach reported that Ach only slightly decreased, but did not abolish sympathetic responses (e.g. sympathetic skin responses), while others stated that limited available data precludes the ability to predict the effects of on sweating responses.45,46
Spinal cord involvement in Lewy body-related α-synucleinopathies
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2020
Raffaele Nardone, Yvonne Höller, Francesco Brigo, Viviana Versace, Luca Sebastianelli, Cristina Florea, Kerstin Schwenker, Stefan Golaszewski, Leopold Saltuari, Eugen Trinka
The first relay stations of the pain system as well as parasympathetic and sympathetic pre- and postganglionic nerve cells in the lower brainstem, spinal cord, and coeliac ganglion has been investigated by using immunocytochemistry for α-synuclein, These examinations showed immunoreactive inclusions for the first time in spinal cord lamina I neurons. The lower portions of the spinal cord downwards of the fourth thoracic segment were mainly affected, while the spinal trigeminal nucleus was found to be virtually intact. An additional involvement of the parasympathetic preganglionic projection neurons of the vagal nerve, the sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the spinal cord, and the postganglionic neurons of the coeliac ganglion has been reported. The connections between these structures may explain their particular vulnerability. Lamina I neurons directly project upon sympathetic relay centers involved in the pain system; these, in turn, influence the parasympathetic regulation of the enteric nervous system.