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Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
Each cerebral hemisphere is subdivided into regions, or lobes, named after the overlying cranial bones. On each hemisphere, the deep groove of the central sulcus divides the anterior frontal lobe from the posterior parietal lobe. The lateral surface of the frontal lobe comprises the precentral gyrus with the precentral sulcus in front. The inferior surface is marked by orbital gyri and is in direct contact with the forward extending olfactory tract and bulb.
Motor Function and ControlDescending Tracts
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The motor cortex generates and controls motor commands, which are transmitted to the descending pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts. The cerebral cortex consists of three reciprocally interconnected areas: primary motor cortex, supplementary motor cortex and premotor cortex (Figure 9.1). The primary motor cortex (Brodmann's area 4), located in the precentral sulcus, has a topographical representation of the body (motor homunculus) with the head, face and hands represented laterally and the legs and feet medially. The more complex the movement of a particular part of the body, the more motor cortex is devoted to it. The tongue, lips and hands have a much greater representation because of the complexity of their motor activity. The primary motor cortex is responsible for the control of voluntary movements.
Subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra pars reticulata stimulation: the Grenoble experience
Published in Hans O Lüders, Deep Brain Stimulation and Epilepsy, 2020
Alim-Louis Benabid, Adnan Koudsie, Stephan Chabardes, Laurent Vercueil, Abdelhamid Benazzouz, Lorella Minotti, Jean-François Le Bas, Philippe Kahane, Anne de Saint Martin, Edouard Hirsch
This was an 8-year-old boy suffering from a right fronto-central partial epilepsy due to a Mitchell’s cortical dysplasia. The follow-up was 26 months and a 70% reduction of the number of seizures occurred with HFS of the STN. Seizures started at 5 months of age, initially as generalized myoclonia or tonic-clonic seizures. The seizure frequency progressively increased and at age 4 he had almost daily, partial bilateral tonic motor seizures, predominantly on the left side. These seizures were preceded by a poorly described subjective feelings (internal tremor in the lower limbs), mostly nocturnal. MRI was normal, and a depth electrode investigation led to the diagnosis at a right frontal epilepsy. A right fronto-precentral lobectomy up to the precentral sulcus was performed. Pathology revealed features in favor of a non-Taylor cortical dysplasia. Surgery did not modify the seizure rate and a progressive left hemicorporeal motor deficit occurred, mostly after the occurrence of severe clusters of seizures.
mRNA expression of the P5 ATPase ATP13A4 is increased in Broca’s area from subjects with schizophrenia
Published in The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 2020
Andrew S. Gibbons, Laura M. Bell, Madhara Udawela, Brian Dean
A case history review was completed for each subject, using the Diagnostic Instrument for Brain Studies (DIBS) (Hill et al. 1996; Roberts et al. 1998). A consensus diagnosis was made on completion of this review by two psychiatrists and a psychologist. Left hemispheric, BA 44 and BA 8 tissue was obtained post-mortem from 30 subjects with schizophrenia and 30 age-/sex-matched subjects with no history of psychiatric illness (controls) (Table 1; Supplementary Table). The cortical regions were dissected according to defined cytoarchitectural boundaries: BA 8 was defined as being primarily in the superior frontal gyrus and extending from the cingulate sulcus on the medial surface to the middle frontal gyrus; BA 44 was the region occupying the opercular region of the inferior frontal gyrus, bounded rostrally by the ascending limb of the lateral sulcus and caudally by the inferior precentral sulcus.
Brain Gene Expression Profiling of Individuals With Dual Diagnosis Who Died by Suicide
Published in Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 2020
Brenda Cabrera-Mendoza, Cristóbal Fresno, Nancy Monroy-Jaramillo, Gabriel Rodrigo Fries, Consuelo Walss-Bass, David C. Glahn, Patricia Ostrosky-Wegman, Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza, José Jaime Martínez-Magaña, Ana Luisa Romero-Pimentel, Carlos Enrique Díaz-Otañez, Fernando García-Dolores, Eli Elier González-Sáenz, Roberto Cuauhtemoc Mendoza-Morales, Gonzalo Flores, Rubén Vázquez-Roque, Humberto Nicolini
During autopsy, fresh samples from Brodmann area 9 corresponding to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were sectioned. To locate this area, the middle frontal gyrus and the precentral sulcus were used as anatomical references. Samples were stored in RNAlater (Qiagen, Singapore) at −80 °C until its use. Postmortem interval (PMI), which is the lapse between the estimated time of death and sample collection, ranged from 6.5 to 23.5 hours in the analyzed sample. A toxicology test for detecting substance consumption at the time of death was performed in both peripheral blood and brain tissue during autopsy protocol.