China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Onychomycosis
Published in Firza Alexander Gronthoud, Practical Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 2020
Clinical diagnosis can be challenging and should be confirmed with laboratory tests. The most widely used test is a KOH preparation. KOH will dissolve keratin, leaving the fungal cell intact. Microscopy can also be done using a calcofluor stain, which has an increased sensitivity compared to KOH. Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) can be applied to histological sections and smears. For species identification, a culture is needed which may grow the causative agent within 2–6 weeks.
Methods for the Morphological Study of Tracheal and Bronchial Glands
Published in Joan Gil, Models of Lung Disease, 2020
The presence of both neutral and acid glycoproteins has been demonstrated in the secretory cells of the submucosal glands. Of the various staining techniques available, the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and alcian blue (AB) techniques are much used; PAS is used to demonstrate the presence of neutral glycoprotein and AB for acid glycoprotein. Alcian blue, used at pH 2.6, stains both sialic acid and sulfate radicals bright blue. The control of AB staining, by varying the pH between 0.5 and 2.6, has been found by Jones and Reid (1973a, 1973b) to be satisfactorily selective, differentiating between sialo- and sulfomucin. With a combination of AB (pH 2.6) and PAS stains, mucous cells stain blue for acid glycoprotein. The mucous cells of the human tracheobronchial glands have been shown by Lamb and Reid (1972) to produce four groups of acid glycoprotein: sialomucin susceptible to sialidase; sialomucin resistent to sialidase; a sulfate identified by AB staining after acid hydrolysis (which removes all the sialomucin) but that is not stained by stains specific for sulfate; and a sulfate that stains after hydrolysis and stains with the specific stains for it. Ferret tracheal glands develop from intraepithelial cellular aggregates devoid of secretory granules at birth into complex, submucosal tubuloacinar structures composed predominantly of cells containing nonacidic (staining with PAS but not AB) secretory granules at 28 days (Leigh et al., 1986b), and thereafter acidic histochemical staining properties increase in secretory cells (Leigh et al., 1986a).
Host-Parasite Interactions With Macrophages In Culture
Published in Hans H. Gadebusch, Phagocytes and Cellular Immunity, 2020
Lee S. F. Soderberg, Morris Solotorovsky
Constitutive carbohydrates of macrophages have been visualized by histochemical staining or by following the deposition of radioactively labeled precursors. Modifications of the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain have been used to characterize macrophage carbohydrates.59 This treatment cleaves bonds joining adjacent carbon atoms bearing hydroxyl groups to form polyaldehydes that stain with the Schiff’s fuchsin. A concentration of carbohydrates appeared in the Golgi region of chicken macrophages while monocytes remained unstained. The PAS stain is less sensitive than radioactively labeled precursors for determining the distribution of carbohydrates. Labeled glucosamine was incorporated into two protein bands from macrophage membrane protein separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.92 Hammond et al.36 also reported the incorporation of labeled glucosamine into macrophage membrane-associated material. Factors from specifically or nonspecifically stimulated lymphocytes induced increases of as much as 10to 20-fold the uptake of glucosamine by normal macrophages. Leucine incorporation under the same conditions was altered. Changes in incorporation of glucosamine directly reflected macrophage activation.
Histological and biochemical studies on effect of Sofosbuvir (Sovaldi) on adult male albino rat kidney
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Amany F. Mohamed, Amany M. Abo-Ouf, Mona A.A. Arafa
The kidney specimens were taken and immediately fixed by immersion in 10% formal saline solution for 3 days then they were dehydrated in ascending grades of ethyl alcohol, 70% followed by 90% (each step is for one day), then in absolute alcohol for 3 hours. The specimens were cleared in benzene for 24 hours, then they were impregnated in 3 changes of paraffin wax, each for one hour. Finally, the specimens were embedded in hard paraffin wax. The paraffin blocks were cut by a rotatory microtome into serial transverse sections at (4 µm) thickness.10 Every five successive paraffin sections were attached to albuminized glass slides. The following stains were used: Hematoxylin & eosin (H&E) was used for the study of general renal architecture.10 Masson´s trichrome stain was used to demonstrate the collagen fibers in the kidney.11 Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction was used to demonstrate deposition of glycogen, polysaccharides, and mucopolysaccharides in the kidney.11 The slides were examined and photographed by light microscope {(Leica) ICC50 W, Germany} at Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University.
Increased glucose influx and glycogenesis in lung cancer cells surviving after irradiation
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Avgi Tsolou, Dimitrios Koparanis, Ioannis Lamprou, Alexandra Giatromanolaki, Michael I. Koukourakis
Periodic acid–Schiff (PAS) reaction is a histochemical staining method used to detect polysaccharides. Briefly, slides with mounted cells were incubated in Periodic Acid solution for 10 min, subsequently washed in distilled water and treated for 20 min with Schiff reagent. A 5-min wash of slides with running tap water was followed by hematoxylin staining. Further washing and differentiating (1/100 HCl solution in 70° alcohol) for 5 sec was followed. Sections were then washed, dehydrated in alcohols, cleared in xylene and mounted. The intensity of cytoplasmic staining was subjectively recorded by an experienced pathologist, with an optical microscope at 400× magnification.
Update on current approaches to diagnosis and treatment of onychomycosis
Published in Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, 2018
Aditya K. Gupta, Rachel R. Mays, Sarah G. Versteeg, Neil H. Shear, Vincent Piguet
Histology uses periodic acid Schiff stain (PAS), which stains glycogen and mucoproteins in the fungal cell wall [29]. Histology is used when clinical suspicion of onychomycosis corresponds with negative results from KOH or microscopy culture. It is also known to be more sensitive than KOH or culture and is more reliable in determining whether a fungus is invasive or colonizing subungual debris [30]. This method is more labor intensive than KOH and microscopy culture, and does not reveal the identity of the presumed pathogen.