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Head and Neck Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Warrenkevin Henderson, Hannah Jacobson, Noelle Purcell, Kylar Wiltz
Palatoglossus originates from the palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate (Standring 2016). It inserts into the side of the posterior tongue, with some fibers attaching to the dorsal surface of the tongue and other fibers blending with the intrinsic transverse muscle (Standring 2016). At its origin, palatoglossus is continuous with its counterpart on the other side of the body (Standring 2016). Though it is considered one of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue, palatoglossus is described in this section as its innervation and function are more similar to the soft palate muscles.
Head and Neck
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
The musculus uvulae lies in the midline of the soft palate, anterior to the palatopharyngeus. The palatopharyngeus runs from the hard palate and palatine aponeurosis to the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall, elevates the larynx during swallowing, and forms part of the longitudinal constrictor layer of the pharynx together with the salpingopharyngeus and the stylopharyngeus. The salpingopharyngeus originates from the cartilage of the auditory tube. Then, the salpingopharyngeus blends with the palatopharyngeus to attach inferiorly onto the thyroid cartilage and pharyngeal wall, thus also helping to raise the larynx during swallowing. The levator veli palatini runs from the cartilage of the auditory tube and adjacent temporal bone to the palatine aponeurosis of the soft palate, thus lifting the soft palate. The palatoglossus runs from the palatine aponeurosis to the lateral side of the tongue, and thus elevates the tongue and depresses the soft palate, and is also innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X). As such, contrary to what its name indicates, the palatoglossus is a pharyngeal muscle, not a true tongue muscle (and thus not a hypobranchial, somitic muscle).
Anatomy as Applied to Transoral Surgery
Published in John C Watkinson, Raymond W Clarke, Terry M Jones, Vinidh Paleri, Nicholas White, Tim Woolford, Head & Neck Surgery Plastic Surgery, 2018
Mark Puvanendran, Andrew Harris
The tonsil is the most medial structure of the lateral pharyngeal wall. It lies between the palatoglossus (anterior faucial pillar) and palatopharyngeus (posterior faucial pillar) muscles. Superiorly these muscles unite with the levator and tensor palatine muscles; inferiorly they are attached to the tongue and pharyngeal wall respectively merging with the superior constrictor.
Obstructive sleep apnea: personalizing CPAP alternative therapies to individual physiology
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Brandon Nokes, Jessica Cooper, Michelle Cao
Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is a procedure which continues to evolve and targets soft tissue contributors to airway collapse [94]. Enlarged tonsils (Friedman class 1 or 2), low-hanging uvula/elongated soft palate, and enlarged pillars are all intervenable targets. Additionally, palatoglossus repositioning and creation of a dorsal palatal flap have been utilized in order to stiffen the retropalatal airway [94]. Friedman stage III and low hyoid position (longer airway) appear to predict treatment failure, whereas Friedman stage 1 tonsils appears to predict treatment success [95]. Surgical cure is roughly 33% with UPPP based on available reports [96]. Important limitations of UPPP include that it does not improve lateral dimensions of the upper airway, does not address potential retroglossal collapse, and does not address the decrease in the upper airway dilator muscle tone observed during sleep [94].
Airway geometry, airway flow, and particle measurement methods: implications on pulmonary drug delivery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2018
A. Kourmatzis, S. Cheng, H.-K. Chan
A key part of the airway is the tongue which comprises of eight sets of muscles (four intrinsic and four extrinsic) which are known to work in a concerted effort to ascertain complex tasks such as swallowing, speech, and breathing [67]. The four extrinsic muscles, namely the genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus, play an important role in maintaining the size of the airway during respiration by protruding (geniogossus and palatoglossus) or retracting (hyoglossus and styloglossus) the tongue and these movements act to increase and decrease airway size behind the tongue, respectively. Depending on the type of ventilation (oral or nasal), other muscles of the soft palate can also be activated during respiration [68–70]. Although the role of upper airway muscles is to help ensure oropharynx patency, the function and efficacy of these muscles vary between individuals and can be affected by factors such as obesity due to increased airway lateral fat pads which narrow the upper airway size or by craniofacial features (e.g. bony structures crowding the airway) [71]. Knowledge of how the function or activation of these muscles affects the transport of inhaled drug delivery through alteration of the airway is unclear, although it is widely known that the majority of inhaled drug particles are entrapped in the oropharynx, where dynamic tongue tissue motion is significant.