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Battlefield Chemical Inhalation Injury
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Several chemicals may act primarily on the oxygen transport system of the body, thereby inhibiting basic respiratory processes and ultimately damaging vital organ systems. Cyanide and cyanogen chloride are the two examples cited.
Designing Biomaterials for Regenerative Medicine: State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives
Published in Naznin Sultana, Sanchita Bandyopadhyay-Ghosh, Chin Fhong Soon, Tissue Engineering Strategies for Organ Regeneration, 2020
Zohreh Arabpour, Mansour Youseffi, Chin Fhong Soon, Naznin Sultana, Mohammad Reza Bazgeir, Mozafari Masoud, Farshid Sefat
There are 11 main organ systems in the human body, composed of different variations of the main tissue types. These organ systems are vital to quality of life, and if one organ within a system fails to carry out its purpose, fatality could occur, hence the need of tissue engineering intervention. Trauma is one of the main causes for organ failure, and the body responds through expressing genes, growth factors and activating cells as a healing process. Unfortunately, humans do not possess the capability to regrow limbs, such as the salamander; however in terms of natural tissue growth, the extracellular matrix for some tissues (such as simple connective) can be rebuilt to a certain extent (Krafts 2010, Zadpoor 2015).
Physiology of the Airways
Published in Anthony J. Hickey, Sandro R.P. da Rocha, Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, 2019
Anthony J. Hickey, David C. Thompson
The airways represent a unique organ system in the body, their structure allowing air to come into close contact with blood, is one of the principal adaptions permitting the existence of terrestrial life. This adaptation also makes the airways a useful route of administration of drugs in the inhaled or aerosol form. This chapter provides an overview of the physiology of the airways excluding that of the nasopharyngeal regions of the airways. Aspects considered relevant to the practical and theoretical application of inhaled substances are emphasized.
Air Pollutant impacts on the brain and neuroendocrine system with implications for peripheral organs: a perspective
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2023
Urmila P. Kodavanti, Thomas W. Jackson, Andres R. Henriquez, Samantha J. Snow, Devin I. Alewel, Daniel L. Costa
Respiratory irritation, oxidative stress, cellular injury, vascular leakage, inflammation, and cardiovascular effects of air pollutants have been studied for decades in humans and animal models to understand cellular mechanisms and human susceptibility variations. Approaches also include exposing isolated cells in vitro to examine mechanisms of cellular effects. These research efforts, typically involving acute exposures to air pollutants, have deepened our understanding of the cellular signaling events and downstream mechanisms that produce injury/inflammation and pathology in the organs and cells being examined, including any subsequent functional impairments. While the primary focus of air pollution toxicology has been examination of effects on a single organ system, i.e. pulmonary and/or cardiovascular, the past two decades have seen increased research into peripheral organs such as the liver, reproductive system, kidney, and brain, suggesting interorgan linkages arising from air pollutant-lung interactions. Many of these studies suggest that multiorgan effects occur rapidly, often within hours of an air pollution encounter.
Integrated fecal microbiome–metabolome signatures reflect stress and serotonin metabolism in irritable bowel syndrome
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Zlatan Mujagic, Melpomeni Kasapi, Daisy MAE Jonkers, Isabel Garcia-Perez, Lisa Vork, Zsa Zsa R.M. Weerts, Jose Ivan Serrano-Contreras, Alexandra Zhernakova, Alexander Kurilshikov, Jamie Scotcher, Elaine Holmes, Cisca Wijmenga, Daniel Keszthelyi, Jeremy K Nicholson, Joram M Posma, Ad AM Masclee
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract and its microbiome is a potent, but incompletely understood, metabolic organ system, with capacities reaching beyond the primary function of nutrient processing and absorption,1 including the regulation of complex (neuro)endocrine and immune pathways.2–4 Dysregulation of these processes is presumed to play a key role in the development of several GI and extra-intestinal disorders.5–7 Among these, the prevalent GI disorder irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is prototypical for involvement of the microbiome-gut-brain axis.7–9 The complexity of potential etiological factors in IBS, involvement of psychological comorbidity and its heterogeneity have proven to be a hurdle in the pursuit of biomarkers and the development of more efficacious treatment strategies.8,10,11
Occupational chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder: prevalence and prevention
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Beside the musculoskeletal system and the skin, respiratory tract is the most affected organ system by occupational exposures being the initial target for dusts, gases, vapors, and fumes from the workplace. Respiratory tract comes into contact with 14,000 L of air during the 40 h. working week. Furthermore, physical activity can increase ventilation 12-fold. Thus, the quality of air at the workplace has substantial impact on respiratory health of exposed workers. Occupational lung diseases (OLDs) are occupational or work-related lung conditions that have been caused or made worse by the workplace exposures. The cause of the OLDs commonly is repeated, long-term exposure to hazardous airborne agents, i.e. dusts, gases, vapors, and fumes, at the workplace, but even a severe, single exposure to a hazardous agent can damage the lungs.