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Trigeminal nerve – interdisciplinarity between the areas of dentistry and audiology
Published in J. Belinha, R.M. Natal Jorge, J.C. Reis Campos, Mário A.P. Vaz, João Manuel, R.S. Tavares, Biodental Engineering V, 2019
Fernanda Gentil, J.C. Reis Campos, Marco Parente, C.F. Santos, Bruno Areias, R.M. Natal Jorge
The ophthalmic nerve is the first division of the trigeminal nerve (Figure 2). It comes out of the upper end of the trigeminal ganglion, from inside the cranial cavity to the orbits by the superior orbital fissure. Is uniquely sensitive and it is the smallest of the 3 branches. Before projecting through the superior orbital fissure (apparent cranial origin), emits the meningeal branch that innervates the dura.
Chronic Hyperglycemia Impairs Vision, Hearing, and Sensory Function
Published in Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton, Type 2 Diabetes, 2018
Robert Fried, Richard M. Carlton
Corneal nerves are branches of the ophthalmic nerve, which in turn is a branch of the trigeminal cranial nerve. They perforate the corneal stroma at the medial and lateral positions and branch into neurites that eventually sprout nerve endings anteriorly into the corneal epithelium (Bikbova, Oshitari, Tawada et al. 2012). The cornea is the most densely innervated structure in humans, with nerve fibers playing an important neurotrophic role in the development of a healthy corneal surface.
Head and Neck
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
Three main sensory nerves branch from the ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) and lie in the orbital region: the frontal nerve, the lacrimal nerve, and the nasociliary nerve (Plates 3.15 and 3.33; described in detail in Section 3.3.1.5). The frontal nerve gives rise to the supratrochlear nerve and the supraorbital nerve. The nasociliary nerve gives rise to the long ciliary nerves, anterior ethmoidal nerve (which leaves the orbit and enters the nasal region, giving rise to the external nasal nerve), and posterior ethmoidal nerve.
The Neurotropic Varicella Zoster Virus: a Case of Isolated Abducens Nerve Palsy without Skin Rash in a Young Healthy Woman
Published in Strabismus, 2021
Maria Elisa Vares Luís, Carlos Diogo Hipólito-Fernandes, José Lopes Moniz, Joana Tavares Ferreira
Varicella Zoster Virus (VZV, human herpesvirus 3) is a virus from the Herpesviridae family responsible for causing chickenpox upon primary infection. Then, the virus establishes latency in neurons in the cranial nerves, dorsal root, and autonomic ganglia, and causes herpes zoster upon reactivation.1,2 When reactivation of the latent VZV in the ophthalmic nerve (the first branch of the trigeminal cranial nerve) occurs, it causes Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (HZO), a condition characterized by dermatomal vesicular rash restricted to the face midline, and involving the eyelids; conjunctival inflammation; and punctate and/or dendritic epithelial keratitis, with or without anterior chamber involvement.3 Other ocular manifestations of HZO can involve the sclera, the posterior uvea, and the retina, causing episcleritis/scleritis, and acute retinal necrosis or progressive outer retinal necrosis.4
Incidence of Sturge–Weber syndrome and associated ocular involvement in Olmsted County, Minnesota, United States
Published in Ophthalmic Genetics, 2020
Heba T. Rihani, Lauren A. Dalvin, David O. Hodge, Jose S. Pulido
Definitions of SWS have varied. In 1992 Roach described three phenotypes: Type 1 (classic SWS) includes both facial cutaneous and leptomeningeal angiomas with likely glaucoma; Type 2 (SWS) includes facial cutaneous angioma with glaucoma possibly present; and Type 3 (SWS forme fruste) includes leptomeningeal angioma with absent cutaneous facial angioma and glaucoma (5). Of all patients with PWS, up to 8% will show complete features of SWS (classic type) (4,10). In 2013, Shirley et al. published a ground-breaking study describing a somatic mosaic activation mutation in the GNAQ gene, which leads to stimulation of cellular proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis (11). The final phenotype of the syndrome depends on the timing and site of this mutation during embryonic development (11,12). Approximately 50–70% of SWS patients show pathologic ocular findings, usually ipsilateral to PWS, which has a predilection for the ophthalmic nerve distribution (V1) (1,13). Of all SWS related ocular involvement, the most commonly reported is glaucoma, which affects 30–75% of patients (5,14–17). Another common ocular finding is DCH, which affects 19–71% of patients (1,13,17,18).
Diagnostic tests in dry eye
Published in Expert Review of Ophthalmology, 2019
Amy Kloosterboer, Harrison Isaac Dermer, Anat Galor
Corneal innervation is critical for ocular surface homeostasis and decreased corneal sensation can lead to epithelial disturbances and endothelial cell loss [12,55]. The nasociliary branch of the ophthalmic nerve derived from the trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve V) provides sensation to the cornea, eyelid, and conjunctiva. A feedback loop exists between this nerve and the branches of the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) to control blinking a tear secretion. Disruption of this loop can lead to DE and anesthesia of the cornea[56]. To assess corneal sensation, a wisp of a cotton-tipped swab or a piece of dental floss can be used to score sensation on a qualitative scale from none to increased. The Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer which consists of a nylon filament of adjustable length is also used to grade sensation[57]. The filament’s length is varied until the patient reports sensation. Normally, the nylon filament is sensed when fully extended at 6.0 cm. If the patient does not sense the filament at this length, the length is reduced in 0.5 cm intervals until sensation is reported. It is important to note that the central cornea is the more sensitive than the limbus[58]. The Belmonte aesthesiometer (Figure 9) is used as a research instrument to more precisely quantify detection thresholds to mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli[59].