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Gene Therapy in Oral Tissue Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Fernando Suaste, Patricia González-Alva, Alejandro Luis, Osmar Alejandro
Gene therapy for restoring dental tissues lost due to caries, periodontal disease and trauma is an attractive concept. Moreover, the dental pulp contains mesenchymal stem cells with the potential to differentiate into dentin-forming odontoblasts (Kichenbrand et al. 2019). Thus, stem cell-based genetically engineered cells could be cultured, modified or transfected, and then re-implanted into the host recipient (Siddique et al. 2016).
Experimental Stomatology
Published in Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy, Handbook of Experimental Stomatology, 2020
Samuel Dreizen, Barnet M. Levy
Odontomas were found in 62% of the animals of advanced age. The odontomas were characterized by an embryonic type of connective tissue with inclusions of odontoblasts, epithelial cells, keratin, dentin, and newly formed germinal centers. The molar teeth showed no gross changes. Microscopically, they contained intensely stained dentin and enamel remains and showed focal resorption of cementum and roots.
Odontogenic Epithelium and its Residues
Published in Roger M. Browne, Investigative Pathology of the Odontogenic Cysts, 2019
During early craniofacial development in mammals and other vertebrates, the development of teeth begins. The progressive development of teeth involves a number of reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions culminating in terminal differentiation of the mesenchymally derived odontoblasts and epithelially derived ameloblasts. It is generally suggested that ectomesenchymal cells from the neural crest migrate to the developing jaws in the position of the future dental arches, where they become involved in the induction of the enamel organ and formation of the dental papilla of the tooth germ. The enamel organs are of ectodermal origin, derived from thickening of the oral epithelium which develops into the two distinct processes of the vestibular and dental laminae, the latter of which gives rise to the enamel organs. On the basis of histological studies in the mouse it has been postulated that teeth, rugae palatinae, and vestibulum oris have a common epithelial precursor population during craniofacial development and that they are developmentally homologous. In fact, early X-ray diffraction studies2 indicated some similarities between the baleens derived from palatal rugae and tooth enamel. More recent findings3 have demonstrated that an extracellular matrix protein of enamel shares common antigenic determinants with the keratins and lends support to the concept of homology between these epithelial tissues.
Cell homing strategy as a promising approach to the vitality of pulp-dentin complexes in endodontic therapy: focus on potential biomaterials
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia, Zahra Safari, Sayed Soroush Sadat Kachouei, Ramin Zabeti Jahromi, Nastaran Atashkar, Amirreza Karbalaeihasanesfahani, Mahdieh Alipour, Nastaran Hashemzadeh, Simin Sharifi, Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
Dental tissue engineering must consider two distinct sections of a tooth, each with its own set of characteristics [7]. The dental pulp is the soft, stromal tissue situated at the center of the tooth, surrounded by dentin. It is an extensively vascularized and innervated connective tissue that is required to maintain the homeostasis of teeth and thus their vitality. It comprises of fibroblasts, odontoblasts, vascular cells, neural cells and immune cells such as macrophages (histiocytes) [8], granulocytes, mast cells and plasma cells [9]. In addition, stem cell populations reside in the microvasculature and in other niches of the dental pulp [10,11]. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) maintain tissue homeostasis after differentiating into odontoblasts. These form new dentin when the original post-mitotic odontoblasts are lost as a result of dental diseases such as caries. Odontoblasts comprise highly differentiated cells that come from the neural crest, form primary dentin and maintain dentin throughout life. In addition, various signaling molecules mediate these tissue interactions [12]. Several studies have reported recent progress in developing dental pulp regeneration [13,14].
Dental stem cells in tooth regeneration and repair in the future
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2018
Christian Morsczeck, Torsten E. Reichert
The dental pulp is a connective tissue of the tooth, which is connected with the mineralized tissue dentin. Dentin is a porous bone-like matrix that surrounds the dental pulp. Both tissues represent the dentin–pulp complex. The dentinogenesis is initiated by odontoblasts, the mineralizing cells of the dental pulp. Odontoblasts are able to regenerate minor hard tissue damage caused by tooth decay. Undifferentiated cells of the dental pulp are the origin of odontoblasts and these dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) were already isolated from postnatal teeth [2] as well as from the very rare natal teeth [21]. DPSCs are plastic adherent fibroblast-like cells. They form clonogenic colonies on cell culture dishes that define their ability to self-renew. The self-renewal ability of human DPSCs was also demonstrated by the isolation and cultivation of human stem cells from stem cell transplants previously transplanted into immunocompromised mice [22]. DPSCs are peri-vascular located and express a number mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) markers such as CD105, CD146, CD44, and Stro-1 [8]. DPSC-like cells were also isolated from human deciduous teeth; these cells are known as stem cells of human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHED) [23]. SHED can be cultivated either as plastic adherent cells or as neurosphere-like cell clusters.
Crown heights in the permanent teeth of 47,XXY males and 47,XXX females
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Raija Pentinpuro, Raija Lähdesmäki, Paula Pesonen, Lassi Alvesalo
Interactions, gradients and spatial field effects of multiple genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors influence the development of individual teeth and tooth type [11]. Each tooth passes through a series of well-defined developmental stages [12] in which the enamel knots regulate the morphology and determine the sites of the tooth cusps. At the bell stage the mesenchymal odontoblasts differentiate first to form dentine, followed by the epithelial ameloblasts, which form enamel. All the permanent tooth crowns apart from those of the third permanent molars will reach their final size and shape between the ages of 3.3 and 7.4 years [13] and acquire their roots in certain phases by 15 years [14]. The X and Y chromosomes affect the crown sizes, root lengths and morphology of the teeth [15–30] usually resulting in larger mesiodistal and labiolingual crown dimensions in the deciduous and permanent teeth of 47,XYY males and the permanent teeth of 47,XXY males than those of male population controls [31,32], while in 47,XXX females the maximum mesiodistal diameters of the tooth crowns of the permanent incisors, excluding canines, are likewise greater than those of population control females [33]. Individuals with one extra sex chromosome, such as 47,XYY and 47,XXY males, have been reported to have longer tooth roots than the male population [34,35] and 47,XXX females to have longer tooth roots than the female population [36]. Previous results have shown increased numbers of taurodont mandibular molars in 47,XXY males and 47,XXX females [23,24,27–29,37] and an increased frequency of two-rooted mandibular premolars in 45.X and 45,X/46,XX females [17,29,30].