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Neuromuscular Physiology
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
This chapter dealt with basic muscle and nerve physiology and the function of the neuromuscular system. The neuromuscular system, which governs physical and influences psychological aspects of behavior, depends upon its functional/physiological abilities as well as its capacity. The mechanism of information transfer among neurons and between neurons and muscles depends upon the AP. Initiation and propagation of APs are dependent upon cell structure, its electrical properties, and the interaction and exchange of electrolytes, particularly Na+ and K+. A neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system. The neuromuscular system is created by the interaction of the nervous system and muscle fibers.
Non-invasive assessment of the neuromuscular system
Published in R. C. Richard Davison, Paul M. Smith, James Hopker, Michael J. Price, Florentina Hettinga, Garry Tew, Lindsay Bottoms, Sport and Exercise Physiology Testing Guidelines: Volume I – Sport Testing, 2022
Glyn Howatson, Kevin Thomas, Paul Ansdell, Stuart Goodall
Neuromuscular function is commonly used to assess factors contributing to fatigue, here defined as a symptom or feeling of tiredness, weariness or exhaustion (Thomas et al., 2018). Neuromuscular assessment can be used to provide important insights into the limits of human performance and disease progression and help to understand the magnitude and locus of impairment in the neuromuscular system that contribute to the symptom of fatigue.
Electrophysiology
Published in A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto, Mechano-Electric Correlations in the Human Physiological System, 2021
A. Bakiya, K. Kamalanand, R. L. J. De Britto
In the physiological system, the neuromuscular system consists of the muscular system and the nervous system (Davis & Cladis, 2016; Reed et al., 2017; Begg et al., 2007). The neuromuscular system is a highly complex electro-mechanical system which includes various subsystems with interconnected variables (Smelser & Baltes, 2001; Roberg & Roberts, 1996). The neuromuscular disorders affects primarily the nervous system that has the direct impact on the muscles (Blottner & Salanova, 2015). Several disorders, such as myopathies, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, myasthenia gravis (Greenway et al., 2006; Rowland & Shneider, 2001; Deenen et al., 2015; Blottner & Salanova, 2015), etc., affect the muscular as well as the nervous system, which results in increased mortality rate and decreased quality of life.
Acute short term effects of endurance and resistance training on balance control in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2023
Samira Shahrjerdi, Farid Bahrpeyma, Seyed Ahmad Bagherian
Decreased balance control could be attributed to exercise-induced fatigue (40). Exercises training may immediately weaken the postural control through peripheral or central (spinal or supraspinal) fatigue (41). Central fatigue can cause balance disturbance and postural fluctuation (42). Peripheral fatigue cause disturbances in the neuromuscular system, which may lead to changes in the muscle strength, neuromuscular performance and velocity of force production (43). Moreover, fatigue due to exercises can cause changes in regulating the postural control by affecting the quality and function of sensory information and motor commands (44). Our results showed that strength exercises causes more disturbances in the dynamic balance control in patients with diabetes. While in healthy subjects, endurance exercises showed more decrease in balance control. This finding can be attributed to the peripheral fatigue resulting from strength exercises. Peripheral fatigue can decrease the functional capacity of the neuromuscular system and cause neuromuscular incoordination during physical activities in diabetic patients (45). Whereas neuromuscular performance in diabetic patients is defected (35), we suppose that strength exercises have more potential to cause fatigue which leads to acute deteriorated balance control.
Concussed Neural Signature is Substantially Different than Fatigue Neural Signature in Non-concussed Controls
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2023
Gustavo Sandri Heidner, Caitlin O’Connell, Zachary J. Domire, Patrick Rider, Chris Mizelle, Nicholas P. Murray
Balance represents the final common output of a complex and dynamical system that is susceptible to challenges from many sources, including illness and injury, as well as sensory perturbations. One of the unique strengths of using balance is its sensitivity to mechanical and optical-flow-induced perturbations, which provides the ideal environment to study the central neural origins of balance control using EEG and virtual reality interventions. Fatiguing activities create a mismatch between central nervous system control and mechanical output. Muscles have lower neural excitation and are less responsive to balance perturbations when fatigued (Millet, 2011). This lower responsiveness causes modifications in motor control output, postural control, and increases the risk of injury (Paillard, 2012). Fatigue can be induced at the whole-body level or at local muscle level. Whole-body fatigue involves multi-joint muscle groups and has greater metabolic costs while local muscle fatigue only affects the neuromuscular system. Thus, whole-body physical fatigue deteriorates sensory integration of proprioceptive and exteroceptive feedback (Vuillerme & Hintzy, 2007). Similarly, regarding spectral power, the recent work of Gebel et al. (2022) shows an overall increase in alpha and theta spectral power after participants completed a physically fatiguing task.
EMG median frequency shifts without change in muscle oxygenation following novel locomotor training in individuals with incomplete spinal cord injury
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Donal Murray, Randall E. Keyser, Lisa M. K. Chin, Thomas C. Bulea, Clinton J. Wutzke, Andrew A. Guccione
In the intact neuromuscular system, the recruitment of muscle fibers follows a well-defined pattern of recruitment based on the size of the motor units, in which the smaller motor units with lower action potential thresholds are typically recruited first in a contraction. As more force is required, the larger motor units are recruited in a graded, step wise fashion. An altered motor unit recruitment pattern has been observed in SCI [4,11] in which the larger more fatigable motor units, generally associated with type II fibers, are recruited early and often during movement. Therefore, the outcome of inadequate muscular innervation in SCI appears to be a shift in the muscle characteristics to less fatigue resistant type II fibers, accompanied by an alteration in recruitment pattern, which leads to larger type II fibers being deployed early in the contraction.