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Anatomy of the Nose and Paranasal Sinuses
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Dustin M. Dalgorf, Richard J. Harvey
The nasal vestibule is the anterior most aspect of the nasal cavity and serves as the entry point from the external nares into the nasal cavity. The vestibule is demarcated by the limen nasi located at the caudal border of the LLC. The limen nasi is the location where the marginal incision is made during external approach rhinoplasty. It is important to note that only a small part of the alar rim is composed of cartilage from the lateral crus of the LLC; the majority is composed of fibrofatty tissue.
Rhinitis
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Vinay Mehta, Srinivasan Ramanuja, Pramod S Kelkar
Unilateral rhinitis suggests the possibility of nasal obstruction by a foreign body, tumor or polyp. The presence of nasal polyps suggests nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome (NARES), chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps, allergic fungal sinusitis, aspirin hypersensitivity, cystic fibrosis or primary ciliary dyskinesia. Additional details are provided in Chapter 9: Chronic Rhinosinusitis, Nasal Polyps and AERD.
Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The external nose varies considerably in size and shape in individuals and races because of differences in the nasal cartilage structure. The inferior aspect is composed of two openings called the nares (nostrils), each separated from the other by the nasal septum. The nasal bones, the frontal processes of the maxillae, the nasal part of the frontal bone and the bony part of the nasal septum form the skeletal components of the nose, whereas five main cartilages form the cartilaginous nose. These are two lateral cartilages, two alar cartilages and a septal cartilage that articulates with the bony septum.
Diagnosis and treatment of non-allergic rhinitis: focus on immunologic mechanisms
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
Yifan Meng, Chengshuo Wang, Luo Zhang
NARES is a nasal mucosa disorder characterized by the presence of nasal symptoms and high nasal eosinophilia together with negative allergy skin tests. Although the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of NARES are still not fully understood available evidence suggests that chronic eosinophilic inflammation is likely to be involved. This review summarizes the different factors and mechanisms involved in the development of eosinophilic inflammation in NARES and identify the potential biomarkers related to this pathology. Although, the main diagnostic method employed for NARES is traditional nasal cytology, this method is not standardized, thus making it difficult to accurately diagnose NARES using this tool. In this respect, a newly reported diagnostic method for NARES based on measurement of CST1, local sIgE, and loss of smell is discussed; further assessment and development of which may lead to a more accurate diagnostic tool for NARES in the future. Although intranasal corticosteroids, antihistamines and cysteinyl leukotriene antagonists are traditionally used for treatment of the symptoms of NARES, recent studies suggest that intranasal corticosteroids with or without antihistamines and/or LT antagonist are more effective in the treatment for NARES. Thus, we emphasize the importance of employing combinations of these drugs in routine clinical practice for treatment of NARES. Furthermore, we suggest that further studies should focus on the development of novel monoclonal antibody therapies, directed especially toward attenuation of eosinophilia.
Effective training-of-trainers model for the introduction of continuous positive airway pressure for neonatal and paediatric patients in Kenya
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2019
Bernard Olayo, Caroline Kendi Kirigia, Jacquie Narotso Oliwa, Odero Nicholas Agai, Marilyn Morris, Megan Benckert, Steve Adudans, Florence Murila, Patrick T. Wilson
Two DeVilbiss IntelliPAP (Somerset, PA, USA) CPAP machines, approximately 50 Hudson RCI nasal prongs (Durham, NC, USA) of various sizes, two pulse oximeters and supplies needed to apply CPAP (head wrap, rubber bands, safety pins) were provided to each hospital. The CPAP machines were set-up and locked to deliver five centimeters of water pressure. Oxygen, if indicated, was administered via the CPAP inspiratory limb from the available oxygen source at each hospital (oxygen concentrator, oxygen cylinder or wall oxygen). Humidification was provided through nasal saline drops to the nares as needed or through humidified oxygen. Data on demographics, diagnosis, duration, outcome and adverse events of patients placed on CPAP from 16 July 2014 to 31 March 2016 were entered onto a one-page case report form by the healthcare provider applying the CPAP. Adverse events related to the use of CPAP were recorded prospectively by the treating clinician. Aspiration pneumonia was reported if an episode of emesis was followed by worsening respiratory status, regardless of chest radiograph findings.
Morbidity and mortality resulting from acute inhalation exposures to hydrogen fluoride and carbonyl fluoride in rats
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2018
Adolph J. Januszkiewicz, Matthew A. Bazar, Lee C. B. Crouse, Michael A. Chapman, Steven E. Hodges, Steven J. McCormick, Arthur J. O’Neill
The primary observation following the lowest HF exposure (46,850 ppm-min, Group 1) was mild nasal secretion. Abnormal respiratory sounds were heard and inflammation surrounding the external nares occurred at higher doses (Groups 2 and 3). Periorbital irritation was evident and abnormal breathing patterns also began to develop at the Group 3 dose. Persistent labored breathing followed exposures above 113,450 ppm-min. These signs increased in severity according to dose in treatment Groups 6–9. Additional signs involving these exposures included distended abdomens and incidence of lethargy as animals became moribund in the latter observation period.