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Facial anatomy
Published in Michael Parker, Charlie James, Fundamentals for Cosmetic Practice, 2022
The modiolus is an anastomosis of the buccinator, orbicularis oris, zygomaticus major, risorius, platysma and levator labii superioris. These muscles are all tightly bound together by interweaving strong fibrous tissues, which plays a crucial role in anchoring these muscles. They are innervated by the facial nerve and receives their blood supply from the facial artery. The venous drainage of the modiolus is via the facial vein (Figure 3.21).
The Aesthetic Standard for Contouring and Facial Dynamics
Published in Yates Yen-Yu Chao, Optimizing Aesthetic Toxin Results, 2022
Toxin blocking the downward-pulling muscles could in compensation enhance the elevators that pull the mouth corner up. Conservative dosing should be emphasized for those showing hypertonic depressor activities. Interventions that disrupt the normal balance around the mouth modiolus would possibly result in a strange stationary and dynamic mouth shape and could potentially interfere with normal pronunciation.
Pendred’s Syndrome: Association of Congenital Deafness with Sporadic Goiter
Published in Geraldo Medeiros-Neto, John Bruton Stanbury, Inherited Disorders of the Thyroid System, 2019
Geraldo Medeiros-Neto, John Bruton Stanbury
The first detailed histological study describing the cochlea in Pendred’s syndrome was in 1968.36 That study reported the findings in a 60-year-old male who had been born deaf and developed a large goiter (275 g at surgery). The perchlorate discharge test showed a 28% fall of the trapped iodide in 1 hour. The patient died of coronary occlusion and the temporal bones were fixed in formalin for further studies of the middle and inner ear. Gross inspection showed no abnormalities. The middle ear was normal. The labyrinthine capsule showed no signs of otosclerosis. Malformation was present in the osseous cavities with the cochlea being accommodated in a single cavity with only just a trace of two turns. The vestibule and semicircular canal system had cavities that were larger and coarser than normal. Only two cochlear turns enveloped a defective modiolus with little bone. Pronounced dilatation of Reissner’s membrane was also found. In the organ of Corti there was no trace of outer or inner hair cells and total atrophy of the tectoral membrane. The lamina spiralis contained no nerve fibers. Only a few scattered ganglion cells were in the spiral canal and very few acoustic branches in the 8th nerve. The histological appearance corresponded rather accurately to previously described Mondini’s type of developmental anomaly of the cochlea.
MATE1 expression in the cochlea and its potential involvement in cisplatin cellular uptake and ototoxicity
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2023
Sofia Waissbluth, Agustín D. Martínez, Cindel Figueroa-Cares, Helmuth A. Sánchez, Juan C. Maass
P5 to P7 animals were sacrificed by decapitation (n = 20 cochleae). Both cochleae were obtained by skull dissection and brain removal. Both inner ears located in the temporal bone were isolated, and cochleae were delicately extracted. The dissection was performed using a modified bath solution made with (in mM) 138 NaCl, 5 KCl, 6 Glucose and 10 HEPES, pH7.4. and previously filtered and stored at 4 °C. Briefly, the bony tissue is separated from the membranous labyrinth. Next, the tissue is fixed in the basal region and the membrane labyrinth is extended radially out and split from the central modiolus. Then, the sensory epithelium is separated from the stria vascularis and spiral ligament, and finally transferred to a coverslip previously treated with Geltrex (Gibco A1569601, Life Technologies). In some experiments, the stria vascularis was maintained. Once that tissue is attached to the substrate, the coverslip is covered with culture medium (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium, containing ampicillin (10 μg/ml) and supplemented with 5% FBS and 5% horse serum) and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C with 5% CO2 and 95% humidity. During imaging experiments, cultures were exposed to the same modified bath solution used during dissection.
Evaluating safety in hyaluronic acid lip injections
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Safety, 2021
Tyler Safran, Arthur Swift, Sebastian Cotofana, Andreas Nikolis
The left and the right labial arteries connect with each other in the midline and form an anastomotic network, which explains why the diameter of the arteries diminishes toward the midline [31]. It has been shown that in the midline the artery is most frequently identified to course within the red portion of the lip whereas laterally the artery is found outside the vermillion in approximately 20% of the cases. This is understandable because the modiolus is located lateral to the oral commissure and each artery needs to travel cranially (for the superior labial arteries) or caudally (for the inferior labial arteries) around this muscular pillar to reach the lips while traveling from outside the vermillion toward the vermillion. The lower lip receives in addition to the inferior labial arteries, blood supply from the horizontal labiomental arteries, the ascending mental arteries and from the mental arteries as they emerge from their foramen. In contrast, the upper lip receives additional blood supply from the infraorbital and buccal arteries only which are less in supplying volume compared to the additional blood supply of the lower lip. Moreover, the superior labial arteries contribute to the blood supply of the columella, the nasal septum, and the nasal tip. This ‘steal volume’ could be one of the potential explanations why clinically the upper lip is more frequently affected by adverse vascular events compared to the lower lip.
Vestibular nerve deficiency and vestibular function in children with unilateral hearing loss caused by cochlear nerve deficiency
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica, 2021
Keita Tsukada, Shin-ichi Usami
MRI findings were obtained by 3.0-Tesla MRI (Trio; Siemens, Munich, Germany) with a 3-dimensional fast spin-echo T2-weighted sequence. Images were acquired in the direct axial plane at a slice thickness of 0.5 mm. Reconstructed sagittal oblique images of the component through the IAC (cochlear, vestibular, and facial nerves) were obtained perpendicular to the long axis of the IAC (Figure 1(a)). Normal cochlear and vestibular nerves were considered equal to or greater in diameter than the facial nerve as visualized by reconstructed sagittal oblique images of the IAC. A deficient cochlear or vestibular nerve was diagnosed when smaller than the ipsilateral facial nerve or contralateral cochlear or vestibular nerve, or when the cochlear or vestibular nerve was not visualized. Patients with obvious inner ear malformation, such as Mondini dysplasia other than hypoplasia of modiolus, were excluded from this study. The diameter of the IAC was measured on the axial images at its midpoint.