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Foot and ankle radiology
Published in Maneesh Bhatia, Essentials of Foot and Ankle Surgery, 2021
The foot is imaged in an oblique axial plane through the long axis of the metatarsal bone. The coronal plane is imaged perpendicular to the oblique axial images and the sagittal plane is obtained to cover the medial and the lateral malleoli (Figure 22.1). Obtaining a mixture of T1- and T2-weighted images in at least two orthogonal planes are useful to evaluate the anatomy of the foot and ankle. Proton Density (PD) fat saturated sequences are useful for the assessment of the articular cartilage. The Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR) and T2-weighted fat saturated sequences accentuate fluid, which is seen in most pathologies such as oedema, tenosynovitis and joint effusion (Figure 22.1).
Orthopaedics and Fractures
Published in Stephan Strobel, Lewis Spitz, Stephen D. Marks, Great Ormond Street Handbook of Paediatrics, 2019
An intoeing gait is a very common cause of parental concern and childhood ‘tripping’ (Table 21.1) It is rarely a cause of orthopaedic concern. The intoeing may orginate from one of three sites: The hip/thigh – femoral neck anteversion (Fig. 21.3).The tibia – internal tibial torsion.The foot – metatarsus adductus (Fig. 21.4).
Orthotics
Published in Manoj Ramachandran, Tom Nunn, Basic Orthopaedic Sciences, 2018
Manoj Ramachandran, Kyle James, Lisa Mitchell
For internal shoe modifications, the soles can have the following: Metatarsal pads: domed pads designed to reduce stress from metatarsal heads by transferring load to metatarsal shafts in metatarsalgia.Inner sole excavations: soft pad filled with compressible material placed under metatarsal heads.Arch supports: e.g. medial arch support extending from half inch posterior to first metatarsal head to anterior tubercle of the os calcis.
Immediate and short-term effects of kinesiotaping and lower extremity stretching on pain and disability in individuals with plantar fasciitis: a pilot randomized, controlled trial
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2022
Sulithep Pinrattana, Rotsalai Kanlayanaphotporn, Praneet Pensri
In the current study, the kinesiotape was applied in patients with PF in the same manner as that described in a previous study (Yamsri et al., 2013). An I-shaped tape using the tendon correction technique was applied on the Achilles tendon to stimulate the cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the tendon, while a fan-shaped tape was applied on the plantar fascia to stimulate the cutaneous mechanoreceptors in the fascia (Chen, Wong, Peng, and Zhang, 2020; Kase, Wallis, and Kase, 2013). Stimulating cutaneous mechanoreceptors related to large diameter fibers, including the A-beta fibers, could activate the inhibition of pain signal traveling to the spinal cord which was conducted by A-delta and C-fibers in the painful area (Yang and Lee, 2018). Moreover, the I-shaped tape might prevent the overstretching of plantar fascia during weight bearing activities. Chen, Wong, Peng, and Zhang (2020) suggested that kinesiotaping could reduce fascial strain at the plantar fascia during push-off phase. Furthermore, the Y-band tape was applied over the calf muscle to inhibit tightness of the gastrocnemius muscle that caused over-pronation of the midfoot during the midstance phase. Finally, another I-shaped tape was applied across the metatarsal arch in order to support the medial longitudinal arch and prevent over pronation of the midfoot (Kase, Wallis, and Kase, 2013; Tsai, Chang, and Lee, 2010). The goal of the aforementioned taping procedure was to ensure healing of PF and subsequent reduction in heel pain in the participants.
Dimensional reduction of balance parameters in risk of falling evaluation using a minimal number of force-sensitive resistors
Published in International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2022
Johannes C. Ayena, Martin J.-D. Otis
The data were acquired during a TUG test using an instrumented insole containing four FSRs and a 3D accelerometer. The FSRs (Interlink Electronics, USA) were used for assessing the force distribution under the foot. Two FSRs (FSR402, diameter 13 mm) were placed underneath the heel pad, one medially and the other laterally. The two others were placed under the first and fifth metatarsals, approximately. The three-axis accelerometer (ADXL345; SparkFun Electronics, USA) is located on the electronic board and attached to the foot. The ADXL345 is a complete three-axis acceleration measurement system requiring ultralow power and is well suited to measure the static and dynamic acceleration of gravity in order to detect human falls. It measures acceleration with a high resolution (13-bit) up to ±16 g. In this study, the accelerometer is used only in walking activity since there is no foot motion in S2ST and ST2S activities.
Conservative treatment of Achilles tendon partial tear in a futsal player: A case report
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2021
Ankle dorsiflexion range of motion was first measured at week 3 and was measured twice a week until its normalization (eighth week). We used the contralateral ankle as a reference, which presented 38 degrees of dorsiflexion range of motion. For the ROM evaluation, the patient was instructed to stand upright with his feet parallel. He was instructed to step back with the non-tested foot and to bring the tested ankle into maximum dorsiflexion, keeping the knee straight and the heel on the ground. The patient was aware that the front leg must be flexed, and the back leg must be kept straight, and the feet must be facing forward. The patient was asked to stop at the first sign of pain. The bony landmarks used for these measurements were defined using the method of Elveru, Rothstein, and Lamb (1988). The proximal arm of the universal goniometer was aligned with the head of the fibula. The axis of the goniometer was positioned 0.5 cm below the lateral malleolus. The distal arm was aligned parallel to an imaginary line joining the projected point of the heel and the base of the fifth metatarsal.