China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Exploring the Plant Kingdom for Sources of Skincare Cosmeceuticals
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
Mayuri Napagoda, Sanjeeva Witharana
Skin color is primarily determined by the amount of melanin present in the skin. Melanin is a pigment produced by melanocytes through a process known as melanogenesis, from which the amino acid L-tyrosine gets converted by the enzyme tyrosinase into dopaquinone (Cooksey et al. 1997). Although melanogenesis and skin pigmentation are considered as natural photoprotective approaches in response to UV-induced skin photocarcinogenesis, the increased melanin synthesis and accumulation of these pigments give rise to many aesthetic and dermatological problems, such as melasma, periorbital hyperpigmentation, freckles, or lentigines (Smit et al. 2009, Zolghadri et al. 2019). Pigmentation is either dependent on the number, size, composition, and distribution of melanocytes, or activity of melanogenic enzymes. Furthermore, cutaneous pigmentation is resulted from melanin synthesis by melanocytes and transfer of melanosome to keratinocytes (Lin et al. 2008).
Lasers in Vitiligo
Published in Vineet Relhan, Vijay Kumar Garg, Sneha Ghunawat, Khushbu Mahajan, Comprehensive Textbook on Vitiligo, 2020
Manjunath Shenoy, Ganesh S. Pai, Anusha H. Pai
Melanogenesis is a complex process in which pigment melanin is produced and sequestered within melanosomes. Understanding the physiology of migration, distribution, differentiation, and function of melanocytes is crucial while managing vitiligo. This is true especially when light-based treatment in management is employed. Lasers can be used to promote pigment production, especially in treatment-resistant sites. These therapies can be combined with other modalities for enhanced results. Lasers can also be used to assist in surgical management, especially to create recipient sites for grafts. Finally, laser devices can be explored to achieve depigmentation of residual pigment in cases of universal vitiligo. The mechanisms underlying the commonly used laser- and light-based treatments are discussed here.
In silico analysis of multi-target antimelasma aloe vera compound
Published in Ade Gafar Abdullah, Isma Widiaty, Cep Ubad Abdullah, Medical Technology and Environmental Health, 2020
D. Hikmawati, T. Respati, Y. Yuniarti, L. Yuniarti
One of the causes of increased melanin production (melanogenesis) is exposure to ultraviolet A rays through the induction of oxidative stress caused by the production of free radicals (oxidants) that involve the NOS/NO system, and interference with oxidative defenses (Panich et al. 2011). Thus, the presence of aloe vera that can regulate INOS can be anti-melanogenic, form oxidants, and produce nitric oxide by eNOS and iNOS.
Tripeptides conjugated with thiosemicarbazones: new inhibitors of tyrosinase for cosmeceutical use
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2023
Patrycja Ledwoń, Waldemar Goldeman, Katarzyna Hałdys, Michał Jewgiński, Greta Calamai, Joanna Rossowska, Anna Maria Papini, Paolo Rovero, Rafał Latajka
Melanin is the pigment responsible for skin and hair colour in mammals. It also absorbs ultraviolet radiation protecting the skin from damage.2 The key enzyme in melanin production is tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) which is able to oxidise both monophenols to o-quinones and o-diphenols to o-quinones in two different steps during melanogenesis.3 Two copper ions in the active site of tyrosinase are important for catalytic activity.4 Overproduction, accumulation, and uneven distribution of melanin in mammalian skin lead to numerous pigmentary disorders, involving freckles, age spots, melasma, sites of actinic damage5 or even malignant melanoma, a type of skin cancer that develops from pigment-producing cells (melanocytes).6 Therefore, one of the most common approaches for skin pigmentation control involves the inhibition of tyrosinase, the key enzyme in melanin production. Various tyrosinase inhibitors of both natural and synthetic sources have been already discussed in some relevant reviews.7–11
A comprehensive review of platelet-rich plasma for the treatment of dermatologic disorders
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2023
Jessica N. Pixley, Madison K. Cook, Rohan Singh, Jorge Larrondo, Amy J. McMichael
Vitiligo is an acquired, idiopathic autoimmune disorder characterized by melanocyte destruction leading to depigmented or hypopigmented macules and patches. The disease can be psychologically distressing to patients and may significantly impair quality of life (QOL). The prevalence of vitiligo is between 0.4 and 4% worldwide (3). Pathogenesis has been hypothesized to involve aberrations in immune regulation, melanogenesis, and metabolic function, and treatment has been attempted with a range of topical, systemic, and procedural therapies that include topical and systemic corticosteroids, calcineurin inhibitors, fractional CO2 lasers, narrow-band ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) phototherapy, and surgical transplantation of autologous melanocytes. However, these treatment options offer limited response, particularly in difficult-to-treat acral zones, require prolonged treatment duration, and may convey a risk of long-term (ultraviolet) UV light exposure. PRP promotes melanocyte regeneration, anti-inflammatory pathways, and enhancement of intracellular adhesions, and therefore offers potential treatment benefit for patients with vitiligo.
Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Melanogenesis Inhibitory Activity of Auraptene, a Coumarin from Ferula szowitsiana Root
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Ensiyeh Charmforoshan, Ehsan Karimi, Ehsan Oskoueian, Mehrdad Iranshahi
The melanin production process (melanogenesis) takes place in cells known as melanocytes. Melanin production is necessary for skin pigmentation against UV irradiation. On the other hand, the increased production of melanin might cause several skin disorders including lentigines, nevus, freckles, melisma, and age spots. Kojic acid, linoleic acid, arbutin are tyrosinase inhibitors and used for the treatment of hyperpigmentation. Generally, the skin-whitening agents are tyrosinase inhibitors possessing toxicity against melanocytes and indicated adverse side effects. Thus, the development of natural tyrosinase inhibitors with low toxicity is necessary (28). In the present experiment, auraptene isolated from Ferula szowitsiana root possessed high inhibitory activity against tyrosinase enzyme with the IC50 values of 29.7 μg/mL however this value was lower than that of kojic acid as a reference standard with a respective IC50 value of 14.7 μg/mL (Figure 5).