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Abies Spectabilis (D. Don) G. Don (Syn. A. Webbiana Lindl.) Family: Coniferae
Published in L.D. Kapoor, Handbook of Ayurvedic Medicinal Plants, 2017
The heartwood of this tree is golden yellowish brown with dark streaks, staining yellow when damp and turning darker on exposure, strong and tough. The wood consists of vessels, tracheids, fiber tracheids, and wood parenchyma, all the elements being lignified and filled with tannin. Vessels are medium sized, drum shaped, scattered, leading to semiring-porous condition, tyloses present. Tracheids are long, abundant, thick walled, with tapering ends and simple pits on the side walls. Xylem parenchyma is small, thick walled with blunt ends, rectangular, simple pitted surrounding the vessel. Medullary rays are uni- or biseriate with ray cells 6 to 13 cells high and 1 to 2 cells wide. A few crystal fibers are observed in tangential section of the wood.799
Urinary System
Published in Pritam S. Sahota, James A. Popp, Jerry F. Hardisty, Chirukandath Gopinath, Page R. Bouchard, Toxicologic Pathology, 2018
Kendall S. Frazier, John Curtis Seely
The connecting tubules are ill defined in the rat and mouse, and represent fairly short segments in all species. They are immunostained in most species with calbindin D28 and with Aquaporin-2. The collecting ducts extend from the cortex via the medullary ray through the outer and inner medulla to the tip of the papilla. The lining cells begin as low cuboidal but increase in height to low columnar in the papilla. Aquaporin-2 immunohistochemistry can be used to label collecting ducts, both in the medulla as well as those within medullary rays that extend into the cortex. The inner medulla contains the thin loops of Henle of long-looped nephrons and collecting ducts of progressively larger diameter. The “papilla” in preclinical toxicity species usually refers to the major portion of the inner medulla, and at its tip, the ductal epithelium changes to a lining epithelium. The renal pelvis is lined by this thin layer referred to as urothelium. The urothelium of the pelvis, other than thickness, is similar to that of the ureter and bladder. As such, the toxicologic lesions noted in the renal pelvis are generally shared with those of the ureter and bladder rather than with the rest of the kidney. Urothelium can distend with changes in urine volume and due to its impermeability may withstand the significant fluctuations in chemical composition associated with the urine solute. The papilla is lined by a single layer of epithelium that is similar but not equivalent to the urothelium of the remainder of the pelvis. Although some authors refer to this tissue as transitional epithelium, “epithelium of the renal papilla” is probably a more correct term.
Pro- and anti-fibrotic effects of vascular endothelial growth factor in chronic kidney diseases
Published in Renal Failure, 2022
Changxiu Miao, Xiaoyu Zhu, Xuejiao Wei, Mengtuan Long, Lili Jiang, Chenhao Li, Die Jin, Yujun Du
VEGF expression showed a strong correlation with renal fibrosis and the loss of glomerular and peritubular capillaries during progression of CKD. In particular, reduced VEGF in the outer medulla and medullary rays of the aging kidney was found to be linked to rarefaction of peritubular capillaries, but VEGF was increased in focal areas of the cortex, which was considered as a compensatory response to cortical hypoperfusion [24]. In a study, supplementation of VEGF in the remnant kidney model alleviated vascular injury and fibrosis [25]. In another study, Gremlin (a family of bone morphogenetic protein antagonists) was found to promote renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis by upregulating epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and VEGFR-2 was implicated in this process [26]. Hence, it is not clear whether the presence of VEGF is beneficial in the context of renal fibrosis. In this review article, we summarize the role of VEGF in kidney diseases, with the objective to offer new insights into the potential therapeutic strategies for CKD patients.
Sub-Tenon Sustained Controllable Delivery of Dexamethasone for Treating Severe Acute Experimental Uveitis
Published in Ocular Immunology and Inflammation, 2020
Libei Zhao, Xuetao Huang, Manqiang Peng, Qian Tan, Wenxiang Lin, Muhammad Ahmad Khan, Qiongyan Tang, Ding Lin
For retina, choroid, and sclera, in the treated group, the architecture appeared normal, and histopathology showed none to minimal inflammation at days 7 and 14 with the mean infiltration score of 0 (Table 2). In contrast, the control group showed severe inflammation and marked inflammatory cell infiltration in the retina (score of 2.75 ± 0.46 at day 7; 3.88 ± 0.35 at day 14, respectively; Table 2). At day 7, the architecture of the retina and choroid was disorganized, and the photoreceptor layer of the retina was completely damaged (Figure 5D). There was an intense neutrophilic and a few mononuclear cells infiltrate overlying the retina, particularly near the medullary ray. By day 14, there was a massive infiltration with mix inflammatory cells on the retina. The severity of inflammation in retina increased, resulting in the loss of retinal architecture and retinal detachment (Figure 5D). There was no evidence of inflammation in sclera in both treated group and control group.
Short-term exposure of Balb/c mice to buprofezin insecticide induces biochemical, enzymatic, histopathologic and genotoxic damage in liver and kidney tissues
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2019
Histologic examination of liver tissue in experimental groups (treated with 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0 µg/kg b.w doses of buprofezin) with H&E, PAS and Iron revealed tissue congestion, prominent radiating canals but altered morphology of hepatocytes, cellular and nuclear atypia, sinusoidal spaces were widened or narrowed and blood accumulation in the central canal. At higher doses, excessive degeneration of sinusoidal architecture with nuclear shrinkage, pyknosis and necrosis were frequently observed deformities. Necrosis was manifested by dark stained chromatin, breakage of nuclear membrane, loss of chromatin and excess vacuolization and appearance of fatty material (Figure 5(a–c), C–H)) normal liver parenchyma with hepatocytes, sinusoids, radiating canals and connective tissue (Figure 5(a–c), A, B). Similarly, the kidney tissue from buprofezin treated mice when compared with the control group of mice demonstrated significant alterations whereby, glomeruli showed shrinkage, widened Bowman’s spaces along with either obliteration or enlargement of tubular lumen, tissue showed congestion and gave vacuolated appearance, mononuclear infiltration, necrosis mild fibrotic appearance and nuclear dislodging from epithelia (Figure 6(C–H)) versus control which showed normal glomeruli, Bowman’s space, proximal and distal tubules, medullary rays and collecting ducts (Figure 6(A,B)).