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The Parasite's Way of Life
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
As an example, consider the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica, and its movement from the intestine to the liver. When a mammal consumes the infective metacercaria, contact with low stomach pH initiates excystment. Once the partially excysted larva reaches the duodenum, it responds to the presence of bile with violent spasms that release it from the cyst. Only bile causes this response. These same spasms in tandem with secreted lytic enzymes allow the fluke to penetrate the intestinal lining into the peritoneal cavity. Within the cavity, the nonfeeding larva adheres via its anterior and posterior suckers to the endothelium lining the cavity. It subsequently begins to move along the peritoneal endothelium until it eventually reaches the liver. Interestingly, it does not necessarily navigate directly toward the liver and no sophisticated orientation is required. Because the peritoneal cavity is like the inside of a sphere, movement in any direction will eventually bring the fluke into contact with the liver, located in the anterior portion of the cavity, directly beneath the diaphragm. Once it finds the liver parenchyma, it begins to feed upon liver tissue.
Managing Blunt Abdominal Trauma
Published in Kajal Jain, Nidhi Bhatia, Acute Trauma Care in Developing Countries, 2023
Ajay Savlania, Venkata Vineeth Vaddavalli, Kishore Abuji
Haemodynamically stable patients should undergo a contrast-enhanced CT scan for a detailed evaluation of the organ involved. Typical findings on imaging include disruption of liver parenchyma with perihepatic blood or haematoma and haemoperitoneum. The American Association for the Surgery of Trauma – Organ Injury Scale (AAST-OIS) can be used to categorize liver injury based on parenchymal involvement and the presence of vascular injury (Table 25.2).
Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Published in Savio George Barreto, Shailesh V. Shrikhande, Dilemmas in Abdominal Surgery, 2020
Ganesh Nagarajan, Kaushal Kundalia
The other option for this situation is to combine surgical resection for some of the more superficial lesions and a suitable ablative technique for the deep-seated lesions. This will help preserve liver parenchyma especially in patients with severe chemotherapy-associated steatohepatitis.
Meckel Gruber and Joubert Syndrome Diagnosed Prenatally: Allelism between the Two Ciliopathies, Complexities of Mutation Types and Digenic Inheritance
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2022
Somya Srivastava, Rani Manisha, Aradhana Dwivedi, Harshita Agarwal, Deepti Saxena, Vinita Agrawal, Kausik Mandal
On microscopic examination, sections from both kidneys showed 5–6 layers of developing glomeruli. Multiple cysts of varying size were seen primarily in the medulla, extending into the cortex, lined by flattened to cuboidal epithelium with scant to pale vacuolated cytoplasm suggestive of multicystic dysplasia. (Fig. 2F) Some primitive tubules displaying a collar of mesenchymal tissue composed of spindle cells were seen. There was mild expansion of Bowman’s space with no definite glomerular cysts. No cartilage was seen. The liver parenchyma was normal. A pathogenic homozygous nonsense variation in CEP290 gene (c.4954G > T) resulting in a stop codon and premature truncation of the protein at codon 1652 was found in fetal exome sequencing (Table 1). The confirmation of molecular diagnosis helped in genetic counseling of the couple. The fetus in next pregnancy was found to be affected and the pregnancy was terminated.
Improved hepatoprotective activity of Beta vulgaris L. leaf extract loaded self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS): in vitro and in vivo evaluation
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2020
Ahmed Alaa Kassem, Sameh Hosam Abd El-Alim, Asmaa Mohamed Salman, Mona Arafa Mohammed, Nabila Salah Hassan, Souad Eisawy El-Gengaihi
Liver is an essential organ of the body. In the average human, it contributes to 2% of total body weight. It is linked to numerous physiological processes such as nutrition, growth, energy metabolism, reproduction and immunity [1]. The liver is susceptible to impairment by a broad range of factors including metabolic products, toxins, microorganisms and circulatory materials [2]. Chronic liver diseases affect more than 10% of the world population, thus making them a serious global health problem [3]. They involve a process of progressive destruction and regeneration of the liver parenchyma, which if left untreated will eventually lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma [4]. Therapies developed employing the bases of Western medicine are highly expensive for developing countries, in addition to their limited efficacy and high risk of side effects. Accordingly, a highly attractive approach for treatment of liver diseases would be to use plant-derived compounds as they are accessible and do not need laborious pharmaceutical synthesis [5].
Thermal ablation versus hepatic resection for the treatment of liver metastases from gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a retrospective study
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2020
Dao-peng Yang, Bo-wen Zhuang, Yu-zhao Wang, Man-xia Lin, Ming Xu, Ming Kuang, Yang-yang Lei, Xiao-yan Xie, Xiao-hua Xie
Repeat ablation may be the result contributing to comparable outcomes for thermal ablation compared to surgery. Thermal ablation can retain as much liver parenchyma as possible, which enables the repeat ablation of recurrent lesions after the first treatment. In this study, 15 (27.3%) patients underwent repeat ablation for new liver lesions in both groups. A previous study revealed that even for recurrent liver metastases, repeat ablation has good oncological outcomes [25]. Moreover, preserving as much liver parenchyma as possible improves the chance of performing repeat curative treatments such as surgery or TACE in the case of tumor recurrence. In the present study, there were five (18.5%) patients who underwent postoperative surgery in the ablation group, but none of the patients could undergo repeat hepatic resection in the surgery group.