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Hypoxia, Free Radicals, and Reperfusion Injury Following Cold Storage and Reperfusion of Livers for Transplantation
Published in John J. Lemasters, Constance Oliver, Cell Biology of Trauma, 2020
Ronald G. Thurman, Wenshi Gao, Henry D. Connor, Sigrid Bachmann, Robert T. Currin, Ronald P. Mason, John J. Lemasters
As blood flows through the liver lobule, metabolites and waste products are formed, and oxygen, nutrients, and hormones are extracted. As a result of these events, concentration gradients develop along the sinusoid between the portal vessels and the central vein. These gradients, along with the differential distribution of enzymes within the liver lobule, are responsible for varying sensitivities of different zones of the liver lobule to hepatotoxicants and disease.38 For example, ethanol preferentially injures hepatic centrilobular regions where oxygen tension is relatively low.39
Toxicological Implications of Peroxisome Proliferation
Published in Robert G. Meeks, Steadman D. Harrison, Richard J. Bull, Hepatotoxicology, 2020
M. Sambasiva Rao, Janardan K. Reddy
In liver cells peroxisomes are very few and are distributed randomly throughout the cytoplasm. Their distribution appears uniform in hepatocytes throughout different zones of the liver lobule. The number of peroxisomes in liver cells remains constant throughout the life-span of rats under normal physiological conditions (Schmucker, 1976). However, peroxisomes can be readily induced to proliferate in liver cells of rats and mice as a result of exposure to certain chemicals, and by altering the nutritional status of the animal (Table 15-1). Chemicals that are capable of inducing peroxisome proliferation are designated as “peroxisome proliferators” (Reddy et al., 1975). Recently, the administration of the anabolic steroid dehydroepiandrosterone to rats has been shown to induce peroxisome proliferation in liver cells.
The liver
Published in Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie, Bailey & Love's Short Practice of Surgery, 2018
Professor Sir Norman Williams, Professor P. Ronan O’Connell, Professor Andrew W. McCaskie
The functional units within the liver segments are the liver lobules. These comprise plates of liver cells separated by the hepatic sinusoids, large, thin-walled venous channels that carry blood to the central vein, a tributary of the hepatic vein, from the portal tracts, which contain branches of the hepatic artery and portal vein. During passage through the sinusoids, the many functions of the liver take place, including bile formation, which is channelled in an opposite direction to the blood flow to drain via the bile duct tributaries within the portal tracts.
M6P-modified solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with matrine for the treatment of fibrotic liver
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Xiaochuan Tan, Yumei Hao, Nai Ma, Yige Yang, Wenzhen Jin, Ya Meng, Chuchu Zhou, Wensheng Zheng, Yujia Zhang
Figure 6A shows images of H&E, Masson and Sirius Red staining of liver fibrosis mice at the end of the fourth week of administration. The results revealed that the liver tissue in the model group exhibited severe inflammatory infiltration, collagen deposition and central necrosis of the liver lobules. As shown in Figure 6(A), the MT-SLN and M6P-HSA-MT-SLN groups were found to exhibit intact liver structure as well as minimal collagen deposition, indicating that MT-SLN and M6P-HSA-MT-SLN could protect the CCl4-induced mice from liver fibrosis. Furthermore, M6P-HSA-MT-SLN exhibited minimal inflammatory infiltration, disruption of liver structure and collagen deposition. However, similar treatment with free MT resulted in little improvement in liver structure and a slight reduction in collagen deposition. The analysis of the percentage of H&E, Masson and Sirius Red staining area in the control and different treatment groups is illustrated in Figure 6(B)–(C).
3D bioprinting for organ and organoid models and disease modeling
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2023
Amanda C. Juraski, Sonali Sharma, Sydney Sparanese, Victor A. da Silva, Julie Wong, Zachary Laksman, Ryan Flannigan, Leili Rohani, Stephanie M. Willerth
Wu et al. utilized a combination of hepatocellular carcinoma and fibroblast (NIH/3T3) cell lines, two types of bio-ink, and a micro-extrusion-based 3D printing method to create structures that mimicked hepatic lobules. The results demonstrated that extrusion-based 3D printing could be employed to construct complex structures incorporating various cell types and extracellular matrix components, with the multicellular constructs exhibiting albumin secretion [34]. Kang et al. further established that extrusion printing could produce vascularized liver lobules by pre-designing and printing liver lobule-shaped cartridges containing hepatocyte, endothelial, and hollow chambers. As a result, vascularized multicellular liver lobules with functions for drug metabolism, secretion, and synthesis were generated. However, extrusion printing still requires advancements to address resolution limitations [35,36]. In summary, 3D bioprinting has emerged as a valuable tool for the generation of liver models, offering researchers the ability to create complex, multicellular, and vascularized liver tissues that better resemble in vivo conditions. As bioprinting technology continues to evolve, liver models will become increasingly accurate and functional, offering new opportunities for understanding liver physiology and pathology, as well as for the development of novel therapeutics for liver diseases.
Ferritinophagy was involved in long-term SiNPs exposure induced ferroptosis and liver fibrosis
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2023
Qingqing Liang, Yuexiao Ma, Fenghong Wang, Mengqi Sun, Lisen Lin, Tianyu Li, Junchao Duan, Zhiwei Sun
The H&E staining was performed to evaluate the histopathological effects of SiNPs on rat livers. The images (Figure 1(A)) exhibited that the liver lobule structure was intact and liver cells were arranged neatly in the control group. A few inflammatory cells were observed near the central venous in the livers of rats exposed to SiNPs for a long term. The granulomas were still observed in the vicinity of the central venous after exposure ceased and resumed. The Masson staining results (Figure 1(B)) demonstrated that, compared with the corresponding control group, liver fibrosis appeared near the portal area and the fibrosis area was significantly increased after long-term SiNPs exposure or exposure cessation and recovery (p<0.05) (Figure 1(D)). α-SMA was a marker of hepatic stellate cell activation, and the development of fibrosis was closely related to its level. In this study, the expression level of α-SMA in rat livers was observed by the immunofluorescence method. The immunofluorescence images (Figure 1(C,E)) revealed that, compared with the corresponding control group, α-SMA in the rat liver tissues were obviously upregulated after long-term SiNPs exposure or exposure cessation and recovery (p<0.05).