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Upper airway bronchoscopic approach and diagnostic procedures
Published in Don Hayes, Kara D. Meister, Pediatric Bronchoscopy for Clinicians, 2023
At the oropharynx, the anatomy and dynamic configurations of the velum, retropalatal space, uvula, and lateral pharyngeal walls should be described. Size of the palatine tonsils and the degree (none, partial, complete) and pattern (circular, anterior-posterior, mixed, etc.) of collapse at the level of the tonsils is described. The tongue is evaluated for macroglossia, glossoptosis, or hypertrophy of the lingual tonsils.
Aetiology of Head and Neck Cancer
Published in R James A England, Eamon Shamil, Rajeev Mathew, Manohar Bance, Pavol Surda, Jemy Jose, Omar Hilmi, Adam J Donne, Scott-Brown's Essential Otorhinolaryngology, 2022
Recent studies have shown a dramatic change in the aetiology of oropharyngeal cancer from a cancer caused by smoking and alcohol to a cancer now predominantly caused by HPV. The increase in tonsil and base of tongue cancer over the last decade is largely due to HPV infection of the palatine and lingual tonsils, and it has been called an epidemic of HPV-associated oropharyngeal cancer.
Rhinolaryngoscopy for the Allergist
Published in Pudupakkam K Vedanthan, Harold S Nelson, Shripad N Agashe, PA Mahesh, Rohit Katial, Textbook of Allergy for the Clinician, 2021
Jerald W Koepke, William K Dolen
The lingual tonsils are located on either side of the dorsum of the tongue anterior to the epiglottis (Fig. 11.6). The median glossoepiglottic fold and the two lateral glossoepiglottic folds attach the epiglottis to the base of the tongue.
Albucasis (936–1013), a pioneer in tonsillectomy
Published in Acta Chirurgica Belgica, 2022
Narges Tajik, Maryam Mohseni Seifabadi, Nasrin Musakazemi, Arman Zargaran
The lymphatic tissue of the pharynx is called the Waldeyer's tonsillar ring and consists of four parts: the two tonsils of the palate, the tonsils of the lingual tonsil, the adenoids (the third tonsil), and the pharyngeal bands [8]. It is quite susceptible to anaerobic infection, which is addressed in the first stage of pharmaceutical treatment. In cases that progress and show a non-response to treatment, the patient may need tonsillectomy surgery [9]. Although tonsillectomy seems to be a modern medical achievement, the history of this concept dates to antiquity. This article compares Albucasis's tonsillectomy with that of earlier and later surgeons to show the differences in both surgical methods and tools so as to help clarify the development of techniques for this surgery during the medieval era.
B cells and upper airway disease: allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps evaluated
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2021
Harsha H Kariyawasam, Louisa K James
The network of regional lymph nodes, the tonsil and Peyer’s patches of the gut support germinal center responses that induce memory B cells which are primed for homing to local tissues. These latter two SLOs form part of the MALT and are vital for inductive immunity at mucosal barriers [71] . Tonsils, the adenoids, and paired palatine and lingual tonsils are a major immune inductive site of the airway. Memory B cells produced in the tonsils generate systemic immune responses, also seeding the nasopharynx by virtue of surface expression of adhesion molecules which facilitate preferential homing to respiratory tissue [72]. In contrast, gut-associated lymphoid tissue induces immunity localized to the gastrointestinal tract. In addition to the SLO, germinal center-like responses can occur in non-lymphoid tissue, including the airways, either transiently during acute infection or in the context of dysregulated chronic inflammation [73]. Germinal centers in SLOs are highly organized with compartmentalized expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules, which regulate the movement of B cells between spatially distinct regions. Contrastingly, germinal center-like responses that occur in non-lymphoid tissue often involve loosely organized clusters of immune cells termed ectopic or isolated lymphoid follicles. The presence of ectopic lymphoid follicles in chronic inflammation is associated with immune dysregulation and may be a consequence of a failure in pathogen clearance or of autoimmune responses in damaged tissue. Such findings have significant implications for inflammatory airway mucosal disease.
Hodgkin lymphoma involving extranodal sites in head and neck: report of twenty-nine cases and review of three-hundred and fifty-seven cases
Published in Hematology, 2021
Saad Akhtar, Yassir Khafaga, Wael Edesa, Mustafa Al-Mubarak, M. Shahzad Rauf, Irfan Maghfoor
Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) represents 3.5% of all the cancers diagnosed in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia [1]. Most HL arises in a lymph node and current multiagent anthracycline-based chemotherapy with or without radiation therapy (RT) can cure 73%–98% patients depending on the stage and other risk factors [2]. Waldeyer’s ring (WR) is an anatomical term collectively describing the lymphoid tissue in the pharynx. WR consists of pharyngeal tonsils (adenoid), tubal tonsil (where each Eustachian tube open), palatine tonsils (commonly called ‘the tonsils’ in the oropharynx), and lingual tonsils (on the posterior part of the tongue). It is considered an extranodal site but not an extralymphatic site [3]. Although the head and neck area lymph nodes are the most common site of disease, unlike non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the involvement of extranodal head and neck sites (ENHNS) including WR is an uncommon observation.