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Upper Limb Muscles
Published in Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo, Handbook of Muscle Variations and Anomalies in Humans, 2022
Eve K. Boyle, Vondel S. E. Mahon, Rui Diogo
Mieden (1982) describes two male fetuses with cyclopia and alobar holoprosencephaly. On the right side of one specimen, levator scapulae was divided into superficial and deep heads, with the former attaching to the first and second cervical vertebrae and the latter to the third and fourth cervical vertebrae. A supernumerary slip of the superficial head originated from the third rib just posterior to serratus anterior (Mieden 1982).
Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The levator scapulae muscles act to elevate the scapula. They, together with the three scalene muscles, are attached at their superior ends to the cervical vertebrae. The scalene muscles attach to the first and/or second rib. The scalenus anterior is a key to understanding the anatomy of the root of the neck as a result of its important relationships to other structures. These include the phrenic nerve, the subclavian artery and vein, the brachial plexus and the cervical part (i.e. dome) of the pleura.
Referred Pain and Trigger Point
Published in Hooshang Hooshmand, Chronic Pain, 2018
The teres major trigger point injection relieves shoulder pain. So does the teres minor injection. The levator scapulae injection relieves pain in the cervical paraspinal region as well as in the shoulder area. The supra and infraspinatus injection as well as subscapularis injection also relieves pain in the shoulder region.
Reliability and discriminative validity of a screening tool for the assessment of neuromuscular control and movement control in patients with neck pain and healthy individuals
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2022
Robby De Pauw, Eveline Van Looveren, Dorine Lenoir, Lieven Danneels, Barbara Cagnie
Similarly, the procedure for the adapted SHT of the axioscapular region consists of three parts. Participants were first positioned prone with 30° knee flexion and arms resting on the table in a neutral position (as depicted in Figure 2(A)). Both left and right side were tested. In the first part, the examiner manually positioned the scapula in a neutral scapular position which had to be maintained by the patient for three seconds. The lower trapezius muscle was palpated to detect muscle contraction. Additionally, substitution strategies (contraction of the Levator Scapulae, Rhomboids, and Latissimus Dorsi muscle) were assessed. During the second part, participants were instructed to reposition their scapula in a neutral position for five consecutive times with an in between rest period of 15 s. A score was computed based on substitution strategies such as breathing stop, excessive contraction of superficial musculature, and aberrant movement fluency. Lastly, endurance was only evaluated after successful completion of the first and second part of the assessment form, based on the performance of achieving a scapular neutral position for 10 times 10 s. Details on the procedure and assessment forms are included in Supplementary Appendix and a visual representation can be found in Figure 2. In an attempt to increase the reliability both forms include mainly yes/no statements.
Mechanisms of Modulation of Automatic Scapulothoracic Muscle Contraction Timings
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2021
Samuele Contemori, Roberto Panichi, Andrea Biscarini
The scapular protraction led to shorten contraction onset time of the MD, especially when linked with the scapular elevation (Figure 5). In question is how scapular protraction and elevation might influence the MD timing of contraction. Either the protracted scapular posture or the active scapular elevation, executed from an adducted shoulder position, may lead to a downward scapula-on-thorax rotation (Choi et al., 2015; Neumann, 2010; Singla & Veqar, 2017). Further, the scapular elevation facilitates the activation of the levator scapulae muscle more than the UT (Moseley et al., 1992; Smith et al., 2004). Notably, the levator scapulae is involved in the downward rotation of the scapula (Neumann, 2010). That is, the initial scapular elevation with the arm at the side that anticipated the glenohumeral abduction could cause an initial downward scapular rotation, which might justify the earlier MD contraction recorded in the protracted scapular position with active scapular elevation (see below).
Anatomical aspects of the selective infraspinatus muscle neurotization by spinal accessory nerve
Published in Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery, 2021
Radek Kaiser, Aneta Krajcová, Michal Makel, Gautham Ullas, Veronika Němcová
SAN is a motor nerve, supplying the sternocleidomastoid and the trapezius muscles. After exiting the skull it descends medial to the styloid process and stylohyoid and digastric muscles. It then passes into (70–80%) or under (20–30%) the sternocleidomastoid and exits the posterior border at a point 7–9 cm above the clavicle. It crosses the posterior triangle of the neck in an inferolateral direction, superficial to the levator scapulae. It then pierces the trapezius muscle, most commonly on at a point 2–4 cm above the clavicle [7]. After providing the perforating branches to the upper trapezius muscle, it runs distally from the point lying on the line between C7 and acromion as the isolated main trunk [8]. Although at least one communicating branch between the SAN and the roots of the cervical plexus can be found in each cadaver dissection [9,10], motor input from the cervical plexus to the trapezius muscle is seen in only one third of cases [9].