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A Protective Role for Vagal Afferents: An Hypothesis
Published in Sue Ritter, Robert C. Ritter, Charles D. Barnes, Neuroanatomy and Physiology of Abdominal Vagal Afferents, 2020
One of the most intriguing phylogenetic mysteries is the link between the vagus, the transducer for orientation and for detection of oscillations in the surrounding medium, and nausea and vomiting. In fish, both orientation within the environment and the detection of objects by the vibrations they generate, are transduced by the lateral line system, which is innervated by facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves. In terrestrial vertebrates, both functions are the province of the membranous labyrinth, which is innervated by the vestibulocochlear nerve, but the three lateral line nerves (facial, glossopharyngeal and vagal) retain an innervation of the structures surrounding the labyrinth, namely the outer and middle ears. That emesis and an increase in gastric capacity can be evoked by stimulation of the ears of feasting Romans and overindulging aldermen has passed into legend, indicating that vagal aural receptors induce vomiting. At the same time, abnormal stimulation of the labyrinth is a strong stimulus for nausea and vomiting, as any nautical tyro will testify. It has been suggested that the brain uses mismatch between vestibular and visual input to detect poisoning,113 and removal of the labyrinths impairs the effectiveness of some emetic agents.91 Furthermore, it has been shown that vestibular stimulation evokes a vagal response.4 Apart from aural vagal receptors, cardiac vagal receptors are also able to induce gastric relaxation and vomiting.3
Profile of Toxic Pufferfish
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Biology and Ecology of Toxic Pufferfish, 2017
Description: In this species, longitudinal skin fold is extending on the ventrolateral corner of the body from the chin to the ventral part of the caudal peduncle. Lateral line system comprises ventral and lateral elements, the ventral element coursing along the skin fold and the lateral element extending along the mid-lateral side of the body from the region dorsal to the gill opening to the caudal-fin base with the anterior extension coursing from ventral to the eye to the snout region. There are two openings in the nasal organ and are broad. Ventral surface of the head and belly are covered with spinules, extending just posterior to the lower jaw to slightly before the anus. Spinules on the back are forming a rhomboidal or elliptical patch. Caudal fin is slightly lunate and the middle rays are slightly produced posteriorly. Dorsal and ventral tips of the caudal fin are produced posteriorly. Dorsal side of the body is brown with several dark bands crossing over the back. First band is between the eyes; second is above the gill opening; third is above the posterior part of the pectoral fin; and fourth is encircling the dorsal-fin base. A couple of small dark markings is seen on the dorsal side of the caudal peduncle. A silver-white band is running on the side of the body. Dorsal fin is dusky. Caudal fin is dark brown or almost black with the dorsal and ventral white tips. Pectoral and anal fins are pale. It has a maximum total length of 26 cm.
ENTRIES A–Z
Published in Philip Winn, Dictionary of Biological Psychology, 2003
A final curiosity to note is that the EVOLUTION of the auditory and vestibular systems has been easier to track than that of other sensory systems because the receptors are encased in, and made of, bone, which fossilizes, unlike soft tissue (in the eye for example). The vestibular and auditory systems appear to have evolved from the lateral line system of fish and amphibia (a mechanism for detecting movement of water) and from the swim bladder (a mechanism that fish have to aid balance); see Rosenzweig et al., 1996 for a discussion of this point.
A new active peptide from Neptunea arthritica cumingii exerts protective effects against gentamicin-induced sensory-hair cell injury in zebrafish
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Shanshan Zhang, Yan Gao, Qiuxia He, Yun Zhang, Liwen Han, Meng Jin, Tong Liu, Kechun Liu, Chen Sun
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an important model vertebrate widely used in scientific research. It is characterized by a mechanosensory lateral line system (Raible and Kruse 2000) consisting of neuromasts comprising many sensory-hair cells and adjacent supporting cells (Chiu et al. 2008, Song et al. 2014). In larval zebrafish, these sensory-hair cells become relatively mature within 5 days post-fertilization (dpf); at this stage of development, the sensory-hair cells show mitochondria, stereocilia with rootlets, intact synapses, and a dense metabolically-active cytoplasm (Murakmi et al. 2003, Coffin et al. 2013, Santos et al.2006). The sensory-hair cells in the mechanosensory lateral line system of zebrafish share a structural and functional similarity with human inner-ear hair cells, and respond similarly to aminoglycoside hair-cell toxins (Chiu et al. 2008, Oh et al. 2017). Furthermore, these sensory-hair cells contain mechanotransduction (MET) channels that rapidly open in response to vibrations, and can be selectively labeled by FM1-43 (Gale et al.2001, Wu et al. 2015). Therefore, the sensory-hair cells of the neuromasts in the mechanosensory lateral line system of zebrafish may be useful for studying ototoxicity after exposure to gentamicin.
Effects of temperature on feeding and digestive processes in fish
Published in Temperature, 2020
Helene Volkoff, Ivar Rønnestad
Food is detected via a wide range of chemical (olfaction and taste), visual (eyes), and mechanical (lateral line) stimuli. In most species, olfaction detects the most distant stimuli while touch and gustation detect the closest ones and vision plays the most prominent role in prey/food detection [48]. However, there is variation among fish species. For example, plaice Pleuronectes platessa is mostly dependent on vision for feeding but sole Solea solea relies principally on chemoreception and mechanoreception [49]. In Chinese perch Siniperca chuatsi, blocking of olfaction, but not vision or lateral line, decreases feeding behavior [50]. Similarly, in goldfish, destruction of the eyes [51] or reduced visibility (increased water turbidity) [42] does not affect food intake, although it increases locomotion and the time taken to reach food, whereas impairment of olfaction decreases feeding behavior [52]. In red drum Sciaenops ocellatus, blocking vision alone or olfaction alone does affect predation, whereas fish with the lateral line system blocked exhibited low predation rate [53]. Some fish species are also reliant on hearing for detection of predators and prey, particularly in muddy or dark habitats when vision is limited [54].
Intraflagellar transport proteins are involved in thrombocyte filopodia formation and secretion
Published in Platelets, 2018
Uvaraj Radhakrishnan, Abdullah Alsrhani, Hemalatha Sundaramoorthi, Gauri Khandekar, Meghana Kashyap, Jannon L Fuchs, Brian D Perkins, Yoshihiro Omori, Pudur Jagadeeswaran
Recently, RGS18 depletion in zebrafish has been found to cause cilia loss in the auditory/lateral line system, as evidenced by curly-tail morphology, as well as thrombocytopenia [46]. The symptoms were attributed to interference with Wnt signaling [46]. Interestingly, RGS18 knockout mice also displayed mild thrombocytopenia and a marked deficit in megakaryocytes [47]. Furthermore, Wnt signaling pathways also contribute to both the function of platelets and the formation of proplatelets from megakaryocytes [48,49]. It is also important to note that, according to the data from GeneCards, platelets also contain ciliary Bardet-Biedl proteins BBS1, BBS9, and BBS10 [50]. Thus, thrombocytes/platelets appear to have not only IFT proteins, but also other proteins associated with IFT in cilia, suggesting that the formation of cilia and filopodia may share common transport mechanisms.