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Leg Pain
Published in Benjamin Apichai, Chinese Medicine for Lower Body Pain, 2021
The calf muscle is made up of three muscles: The largest one is called the gastrocnemius. It is a powerful superficial muscle located at the back of the tibia. It has two parts, also called heads.The medial head originates from the posterior surface of the femur superior to the medial condyle and posterior to the insertion of the adductor magnus muscle.The lateral head originates from the lateral epicondyle of the femur.A smaller one is called the soleus; it lies underneath the gastrocnemius muscle.A tiny one is called the plantaris; it originates from the lateral supracondylar line of the femur, just superior and medial to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle, as well as from the oblique popliteal ligament in the posterior aspect of the knee.8
A to Z Entries
Published in Clare E. Milner, Functional Anatomy for Sport and Exercise, 2019
The MCL and LCL ligaments lie outside the joint capsule on the medial and lateral aspects of the knee. The MCL runs from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle of the tibia and the LCL runs from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula. Together these two ligaments check hyperextension of the knee. Individually, the MCL and LCL prevent excessive abduction and adduction of the knee respectively. Injury to the collateral ligaments typically occurs in sports activities as a result of contact. For example, the LCL could be injured during a heavy tackle from the side in rugby when the legs of the player being tackled are obstructed and prevented from moving with the tackle by a teammate lying on the ground. As the tackler moves the upper body of the player sideways, the collateral ligaments that oppose the movement are under tensile strain. If the large force being applied during the tackle is greater than the tensile strength of the LCL when the knee is being forcibly adducted, the ligament will rupture. At the moment the ligament ruptures, a loud pop is often heard as the ligament snaps. The result is an immediate loss of stability at the knee, allowing it to move into an extreme adducted position. The damaged ligament is typically surgically repaired or reconstructed in athletes to enable them to regain stability and return to play after a lengthy rehabilitation period.
Knee and proximal tibia
Published in Sebastian Dawson-Bowling, Pramod Achan, Timothy Briggs, Manoj Ramachandran, Stephen Key, Daud Chou, Orthopaedic Trauma, 2014
The cruciate and collateral ligaments stabilize the knee in the anteroposterior (AP) and varus/valgus planes, respectively. The medial collateral ligament (MCL) is composed of a superficial and deep portion; the superficial MCL runs from the posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle to the proximal tibial metaphysis, whereas the deep MCL is itself made up of meniscotibial and meniscofemoral components. The lateral collateral ligament (LCL) runs from a point posteroproximal to the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the fibular head. In addition to resisting varus stress, the LCL is a restraint to tibial external rotation. The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) originates anteriorly from the lateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle and attaches to the back of the proximal tibia, roughly 1 cm distal to the joint line. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) runs from the posteromedial aspect of lateral femoral condyle to its distal insertion anterolaterally to the anterior tibial spine. Both the ACL and PCL are made up of two distinct bundles of fibres – anteromedial/posterolateral and anterolateral/posteromedial, respectively.
Acute effects of repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation following low-intensity isometric exercise on muscle swelling for selective muscle in healthy young men
Published in Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine, 2021
Tetsuya Hirono, Tome Ikezoe, Masashi Taniguchi, Shusuke Nojiri, Hiroki Tanaka, Noriaki Ichihashi
Maximum isometric torque was measured, and low-intensity exercise was performed using the isometric mode of a dynamometer (Biodex system 4; Biodex Medical Systems, Inc., Shirley, New York, USA). The participants were seated on the dynamometer chair, and their trunk and pelvis were fixed with inelastic belts with their hip joints at 80° flexion (0° corresponds to neutral position between the trunk and the thigh). The lateral epicondyle of the femur was aligned to the dynamometer’s axis of rotation, and the shank of the dominant leg was fastened to the lever arm. They gripped the levers on both sides of the chair. The knee flexion angle was set at 90° while measuring the maximum isometric knee extension strength and performing the low-intensity isometric exercise (0° corresponds to full extension).
Anatomical course of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve with special reference to the direct anterior approach to total hip arthroplasty
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2020
Masahiko Sugano, Junichi Nakamura, Shigeo Hagiwara, Takane Suzuki, Takayuki Nakajima, Sumihisa Orita, Tsutomu Akazawa, Yawara Eguchi, Yohei Kawasaki, Seiji Ohtori
The following dissection protocol was applied. Each cadaver was first placed on a dissection table in a supine position. Along the inguinal ligament, an incision was made from the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) to the pubic tubercle, followed by longitudinal dissection of the center of the anterior thigh from the center of the inguinal ligament. The LFCN and its branches were identified by their origin from the pelvis at the level of the inguinal ligament. All nerve branches of the LFCN were carefully traced distally in the subcutaneous tissue of the proximal aspect of the thigh. The following distances of Ropars et al. [12] were measured using a ruler (Figure 1). (a) The distance from the midpoint of the ASIS to the LFCN at the level of the inguinal ligament. When the nerve divided proximally to the inguinal ligament into two main femoral and gluteal branches their distance from the ASIS was measured. Whether each nerve passed through or under the inguinal ligament was recorded. (b) The distance from the midpoint of the ASIS to the points where the LFCN branches crossed the anterior margin of the TFL was recorded and the distance from the ASIS to this point was measured. (c) The distance from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral malleolus of the ankle (lower leg length) was measured.
Characterizing the recovery trajectories of knee range of motion for one year after total knee replacement
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2020
Saurabh Mehta, Andrew Rigney, Kyle Webb, Jacob Wesney, Paul W. Stratford, Franklin D. Shuler, Ali Oliashirazi
All measurements were obtained by the same surgeon (AO) using the standardized techniques (Norkin and White, 2016). For assessing knee flexion, patients were positioned in supine on an examination table with the operated knee fully extended and hips in neutral flexion and abduction. The fulcrum of the goniometer was placed over the lateral epicondyle of the femur. The proximal and distal arms were placed along the lateral midlines of femur and fibula respectively with the goniometer reading 0° starting position. Patients were asked to flex their knee as much as possible with the orthopedic surgeon applying overpressure before recording the joint angle for knee flexion. For assessing knee extension, patients were placed in the same starting position as that described for assessing knee flexion with the goniometer placed along the same landmarks. Patients were asked to extend the knee as much as possible with the orthopedic surgeon applying overpressure before recording the joint angle for knee extension. ROM was recorded as degrees of knee flexion or hyperextension if the range exceeded zero degrees.