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Central nervous system
Published in A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha, Clark’s Procedures in Diagnostic Imaging: A System-Based Approach, 2020
A Stewart Whitley, Jan Dodgeon, Angela Meadows, Jane Cullingworth, Ken Holmes, Marcus Jackson, Graham Hoadley, Randeep Kumar Kulshrestha
The lacrimal system comprises the lacrimal gland, which secretes tears, the lacrimal sac and the ducts through which the tears pass into the nasal cavity (Figs 11.59a–c). The lacrimal gland lies anteriorly in the upper outer quadrant of the orbit and communicates with the lacrimal sac via the lacrimal canaliculi. Tears wash over the surface of the eye and drain through the lacrimal canaliculi into the lacrimal sac through two openings, the puncta lacrimalia, which are situated on the medial aspects of the upper and lower eyelids. The lacrimal sac drains into the nasolacrimal duct, which runs vertically through the lateral nasal wall on the medial aspect of the maxillary antrum. The nasolacrimal duct opens into the nasal cavity below the inferior nasal conchus.
Head and Neck
Published in Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno, Understanding Human Anatomy and Pathology, 2018
Rui Diogo, Drew M. Noden, Christopher M. Smith, Julia Molnar, Julia C. Boughner, Claudia Barrocas, Joana Bruno
The tarsal glands are embedded in the posterior surface of each tarsal plate, the fibrous “skeleton” of the upper eyelid. The orbital septum is a sheet of connective tissue separating the superficial facial fascia and the contents of the orbit. The tarsal glands drain by orifices lying posteriorly to the eyelashes and secrete an oily substance onto the margin of the eyelids that prevents the overflow of tears (lacrimal fluid). The lacrimal gland lies in the lacrimal fossa of the frontal bone. The lacrimal sac lies posterior to the medial palpebral ligament, which is attached to the anterior lacrimal crest that forms the anterior border of the lacrimal groove (Plate 3.32). The lacrimal sac receives lacrimal fluid from the medial angle of the eye through the lacrimal canaliculi. When lacrimal fluid accumulates in excess and cannot be removed from the medial corner of the eye via the lacrimal canaliculi, it overflows the eyelids (visible crying or shedding of tears). Tears also drain into the nasal cavity via the lacrimal sac, resulting in a runny nose.
Sensory organs
Published in Aida Lai, Essential Concepts in Anatomy and Pathology for Undergraduate Revision, 2018
Lacrimal apparatus– lacrimal gland → excretory ductules → superior fornix of conjunctival sac → sup./inf. lacrimal papilla → punctum → sup./inf. lacrimal canaliculi → lacrimal sac → nasolacrimal duct → inf. meatus of nose
Chronic canaliculitis with canaliculoliths due to Providencia stuartii infection
Published in Orbit, 2023
Jenny Lin, Victoria S. North, Christopher Starr, Kyle J. Godfrey
Canaliculitis is inflammation of the lacrimal canaliculus, with primary canaliculitis the result of infection of the canaliculus and secondary canaliculitis most related to punctal and intracanalicular plug placement.1 The classic presenting symptoms of canaliculitis include epiphora, medial canthal swelling, nonresolving or recurrent conjunctivitis, a swollen, pouting punctum, and punctal discharge or concretions.1 It is often misdiagnosed as conjunctivitis, leading to delayed therapeutic and surgical management.1 Although Actinomyces israelii is the most common causative microorganism, an increasing number of studies describe additional responsible bacteria including Streptococcus and Staphylococcus species.2–4 The authors present a case of chronic canaliculitis with canaliculoliths due to Providencia stuartii, which has not been reported as a canaliculitis or canaliculolith causing pathogen. Collection and evaluation of protected patient health information were compliant with the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act and the Declaration of Helsinki.
Campylobacter concisus as a pathogen of primary canaliculitis: a case report
Published in Orbit, 2022
Yasuhiro Takahashi, Aric Vaidya, Hirohiko Kakizaki
On the first time, slit-lamp examination revealed a swelling in the medial part of the lower eyelid and a cystic change along the lacrimal canaliculus on the left side (Figure 1A). The left-lower punctum pouted without granulation tissue formation. The yellow mucopurulent discharge was expressed from the left-lower punctum by digital compression and was sent for the culture test. The culture was performed using sheep blood agar, chocolate agar, and Brucella HK agar media under anaerobic condition, aerobic condition, micro-aerophilic condition including highly concentrated hydrogen, and carbon dioxide. A culture test of the discharge showed Campylobacter concisus (1+), Gemella morbillorum (1+), Fusobacterium nucleatum (1+), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (2+) (Figure 1B). C. concisus grew well on the sheep blood agar medium under the aerophilic condition including highly concentrated hydrogen. All the microorganisms were found to have high drug sensitivity for ampicillin, clindamycin, cefmetazole, amoxicillin/clavulanate, imipenem, meropenem, and tazobactam/piperacillin.
Eye Make-up Products and Dry Eye Disease: A Mini Review
Published in Current Eye Research, 2022
Mazyar Yazdani, Katja Benedikte Prestø Elgstøen, Tor Paaske Utheim
Tear fluid and particles attached to the ocular surface are drained by the nasolacrimal duct into the inferior meatus of the nose. Anatomically, the lacrimal passages are divided into bony and membranous lacrimal sections. The latter include the lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and the nasolacrimal duct. The last two parts are lined by a double-layered epithelium containing superficial columnar cells and basal flattened cells. Goblet cells may also be present in the epithelial layer. During blinking, tears are wiped and pushed into the lacrimal puncta, small openings located in the nasal upper and lower eyelids. The punctum ends in the canaliculus, where the fluid drains into the lacrimal sac followed by the nasolacrimal duct canal before reaching the nasal cavity.31