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Biology of the Hair and Skin
Published in Randy Schueller, Perry Romanowski, Conditioning Agents for Hair and Skin, 2020
The shape of the hair shaft also determines grooming ease. Straight hair is easiest to groom, since combing friction is low and the hair is easy to arrange in a fashionable style. Kinky hair, on the other hand, demonstrates increased grooming friction, resulting in increased hair shaft breakage. Kinky hair also does not easily conform to a predetermined hair style, unless the shafts are short.
Hair dysplasias
Published in Pierre Bouhanna, Eric Bouhanna, The Alopecias, 2015
Juan Ferrando, L. Alheli Niebla, Gerardo A. Moreno-Arias
This is a new variant of acquired kinky hair. In this condition, individual and isolated kinking occurs; consequently, only one curly kinky hair is observed amid 10–12 normal hairs. The disorder may be sporadic or familial. No external factors have been identified, and most affected individuals are children or teenagers.99–100
Abusive head trauma in India: imaging raises the curtain
Published in International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion, 2022
Hima Pendharkar, Shumyla Jabeen, Nupur Pruthi, K. V. L. N Narasinga Rao, Dhaval Shukla, Nitish Kamble, Kavita V. Jangam, John Vijay Sagar Kommu, Thennarasu Kandavel, Senthil Amudhan
Understandably in children suspected of AHT, it is important to rule out other possibilities – the mimics of AHT (Christian & States, 2017; Mankad et al., 2019). In our study also we encountered cases where an alternate diagnosis might have been possible. There were two children where AHT was suspected on imaging; these children had deranged coagulation parameters but both had incomplete lab work up. Glutaric aciduria and Menke’s Kinky hair disease are important metabolic differential possibilities in the southern part of our nation given the sociocultural trends. In one child treated for mitochondrial disorder, a coexistent SDH should have raised the suspicion of AHT. However, a comprehensive work up for all these cases would have helped to rule out other differential diagnosis.
Diaphragmatic palsy in a 10-month-old boy with infantile tremor syndrome causing respiratory failure with full response to vitamin B12 therapy
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2020
Neha Bidhuri, Vishal Kumar, Ruby Singh, Dhirendra Pratap Singh, Sheetal Agarwal, Devki Nandan
This patient presented with similar classical features. In the past, the aetiopathogenesis of ITS was not very clear; however, a recent review and studies in the present decade point towards vitamin B12 deficiency as the likely cause [3,4,6,7]. The rationale behind this is the occurrence of the disease in exclusively breastfed infants born to vegetarian mothers, low serum vitamin B12 levels and a good response to vitamin B12 therapy. Low serum vitamin B12 levels have been observed commonly in these patients and their mothers [3,4,6–9], and a good early clinical response to vitamin B12 therapy has also been documented in a majority of these patients [6,7,10]. Folate levels are usually within the normal range although in this case it was above normal (32.8 nmol/L). In this case, there was macrocytic anaemia and low serum vitamin B12 levels, and the patient responded well to vitamin B12 therapy. Neuro-imaging findings commonly reported in ITS are non-specific cerebral atrophy, reduced thickness of the corpus callosum, a prominent sylvian fissure and dilation of ventricles [11,12]. Brain MRI in this case also showed diffuse cerebral atrophy and a prominent sylvian fissure. There was also a subdural fluid collection bilaterally over the frontal area. Subdural fluid collection has been reported in three ITS patients and is extremely rare [13,14]. Subdural collections have also been reported in glutaric aciduria and Menke’s kinky hair disease; however, the presence of microcephaly and improvement in developmental milestones and tremors after vitamin B12 therapy rules out the possibility of these metabolic disorders in this patient.
Posterior cerebral artery giant aneurysm associated with bilateral internal carotid artery occlusion in a Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome patient: a case report
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2019
Raita Fukaya, Kaoru Yanagisawa, Masahito Fukuchi, Koji Fujii
PCA aneurysm associated with bilateral ICA occlusion that has no relation to Moyamoya disease is quite rare, although several cases of basilar aneurysm have been reported. Only two cases of aneurysm at the P1-P2 junction of the PCA associated with bilateral ICA occlusion have been described.2,3 Shibuya et al. reported a case of ruptured P1-P2 aneurysm associated with bilateral ICA occlusion that was treated by coil embolization. Yousaf et al. described a patient with progressive and painful oculomotor nerve palsy due to ipsilateral P1-P2 aneurysm following bilateral ICA occlusion. Given these previously reported cases, the hemodynamic anomaly associated with bilateral occlusion of the ICA, with a consequent increased flow at the level of posterior circulation, may be considered largely responsible for the formation of the aneurysm and its increasing size in our case. However, no previous report has described severe arteriosclerosis in KTS patients, so the chronic occlusion of the bilateral ICAs due to arteriosclerosis in this case may have been caused by the patient's unique constitution. Of the 10 cases of intracranial aneurysm associated with KTS that have been reported,4 8 were unusual types, such as fusiform and large; only 2 cases have been successfully treated with surgical clipping. Goldstein et al. assumed that the ectatic cerebral artery in their KTS patient was due to deficiency in its medial and intimal layers, similar to those in Malfan syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Menke’s kinky-hair syndrome.5 It is possible that the elements of KTS that induce arterial wall dysplasia, predisposing patients to the formation of atypical large and fusiform aneurysms, can overlap with hemodynamic factors and result in the formation, as in this case, of a giant aneurysm.