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Effect of Transport on Distribution of Radioions and Radiometabolites
Published in Lelio G. Colombetti, Biological Transport of Radiotracers, 2020
The biodistribution of 18F-FDG in mice was investigated by Gallagher et al.93 It was found that the l8F-FDG initially distributes to all the organs and then rapidly clears, except from the brain and heart. This metabolic trapping of 18F-FDG-6-P results from high hexokinase activity and low or absent glucose-6-phosphatase activity.93 The 18F-FDG that clears from lungs, liver, and kidneys is excreted into urine as unchanged 18F-FDG. Apparently the kidney tubules cannot reabsorb FDG. Thus, virtually all of the 18F-FDG that is transported through the heart and brain is rapidly phosphorylated by hexokinase. The potential clinical utility of 18FDG for measuring the ability of the brain and heart to transport, phosphorylate, and utilize glucose in vivo depends upon an understanding of the mechanism which relates !8FDG metabolism to glucose metabolism.93
The Erythrocyte as a Cellular Model for the Clinical Investigation of Essential Hypertensive Patients
Published in Antonio Coca, Ricardo P. Garay, Ionic Transport in Hypertension: New Perspectives, 2019
Antonio Coca, Ricardo P. Garay
All these are erythrocyte abnormalities that precede (and are not modified by) the development of high blood pressure; they are present in adult hypertensives and in some of their normotensive offspring. They can also be present during the whole life of a given strain of genetically hypertensive rats. Moreover, these abnormalities not only tend to increase sodium movements in the kidney tubule but also in other epithelia such as the choroid plexus.64
Ochratoxins
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Josué Delgado, Miguel A. Asensio, Félix Núñez
The nephrotoxic effect of OTA has long been associated with tubulopathies with edema and cell vacuolization, as well as hemorrhages and necrosis of proximal kidney tubules.44,45
The anti-hypertensive effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors
Published in Expert Review of Cardiovascular Therapy, 2023
Luxcia Kugathasan, Lisa Dubrofsky, Andrew Advani, David Z.I. Cherney
Low-affinity, high-volume SGLT2 is postulated to account for 80–90% of the filtered glucose reabsorbed in the kidney proximal tubule of healthy individuals [64,65]. Under physiological conditions, it is estimated that 5% of total reabsorbed sodium in the kidney tubule corresponds to SGLT2 activity [65,66]. An increase in SGLT2 mRNA expression of up to 36% in the proximal tubule epithelium has been observed in hyperglycemic states. Consequently, in the setting of hyperglycemia in individuals with diabetes mellitus, SGLT2 can account for up to 14% of the total renal sodium reabsorption [67,68]. SGLT2 inhibitor use leads to glucosuria-linked reductions in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) by 0.6–0.8% in patients with T2D, and reductions in body weight by 2–3 kg [69]. The mechanisms responsible for the antihypertensive effects of SGLT2 inhibitors are unclear. The interplay of natriuresis, loop diuresis, and vascular function changes with SGLT2 inhibitors has been proposed to be responsible for BP lowering [70].
Sub-chronic and developmental toxicity of transdermal delivery of Renzhu ointment in young SD rats
Published in Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology, 2022
Fuzhen Yang, Mengfei Cao, Lian Zhong, Ni Xiao, Guanfeng Chen, Qian Cao, Fengke Huang, Jun Zhang, Huifen He
The kidneys are important organs and extremely vulnerable to toxic drugs because of the high volume of blood that flows through them. They filter many types of toxins, which can accumulate in the kidney tubules34. Urea, CRE, and uric acid are used as critical indicators of renal function35. After the administration period, female rats' Urea were decreased in the 0.9 g/kg/day group; after the recovery period, female rats' Urea were increased in the 0.1 g/kg/day group. Moreover, male rats' CRE in each group was low. There was no abnormality between Urea and kidney weight or histopathological examination results in the same period, and the above parameters had no concentration dependence, considering that the change belongs to normal physiological fluctuation. Urinalysis showed that at the end of the recovery period, female rats SG was increased in the 0.9 g/kg/day group, but no abnormality was found in the histopathology (Figure 4(C)). Therefore, the effect of RZQG on renal function was non-toxic and had no physical significance.
Hemolysis during short-term mechanical circulatory support: from pathophysiology to diagnosis and treatment
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Tim Balthazar, Johan Bennett, Tom Adriaenssens
Haptoglobin is an acute-phase glycoprotein produced in the liver. Its major biological function is to bind – with high affinity – free hemoglobin in plasma, in order to prevent loss of iron molecules, on the one hand, and hemoglobin-mediated renal injury, on the other hand [21]. When circulating hemoglobin is bound to haptoglobin, renal excretion of hemoglobin is reduced, thereby decreasing the risk of injury to the kidney tubules. Therefore, haptoglobin levels are decreased or absent in cases of hemolysis. Normal values of the plasma range in a wide interval between 0.5 and 3.2 g/l. In cases of hemolysis, values <25 mg/dl are characteristic. However, one cannot estimate the severity of intravascular hemolysis based on haptoglobin levels, because of its limited capacity to bind free hemoglobin. Even a mild or moderate degree of RBC destruction will result in undetectable haptoglobin levels. Moreover, other confounding factors with respect to haptoglobin levels must be taken into account, such as decreased baseline levels in patients with liver disease (cirrhosis), abdominal trauma and congenital ahaptoglobinemia and increased levels in the setting of concomitant inflammatory states (role of haptoglobin as an acute-phase reactant) and the nephrotic syndrome [39].