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Ureteropelvic junction obstruction
Published in Mark Davenport, James D. Geiger, Nigel J. Hall, Steven S. Rothenberg, Operative Pediatric Surgery, 2020
Lauren E. Corona, Kate H. Kraft
Advances in digital imaging algorithms allow computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to produce excellent images in the sagittal and coronal planes in addition to the traditional transverse images. These allow excellent visualization of renal anomalies, such as horseshoe kidney, although their cost limits their widespread use. CT involves sizable doses of radiation and, for children, magnetic resonance urography (MRU) is an attractive alternative. Dynamic gadolinium control enhanced MRU has been shown to be promising. It offers the same data of renal scintigraphy (percent function and t½), as well as a clear depiction of the kidney, pelvis, and ureter. MRU is more expensive and requires young patients to be anesthetized to avoid motion artifact.
Unexplained Fever In Urology
Published in Benedict Isaac, Serge Kernbaum, Michael Burke, Unexplained Fever, 2019
Chronic pyelonephritis is a difficult term to define.17,19 There is considerable doubt whether many of the cases pathologically diagnosed as chronic pyelonephritis in patients without obstructive uropathy result from infection. Perhaps interstitial nephritis rather than chronic pyelonephritis should be used to describe the pathological entity, since pyelonephritis, implying inflammation of the kidney pelvis, is largely an autopsy diagnosis. Pyelonephritis is actually underdiagnosed, only 16 to 20% of what the classical pathologists call pyelonephritis is diagnosed. Some patients will have no symptoms at all or only lower urinary tract symptoms. In order to diagnose chronic pyelonephritis, there should be evidence of past or present bacteremia, renal involvement by clinical means and chronicity.17,32 The radiological diagnosis is made on the basis of scanning of the kidney or blunting and dilatation of calyces. Urography will frequently provide information with regard to the extent of the inflammatory disease, and will occasionally suggest an unusual type of infection such as tuberculosis or xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis.17,29,31,32
The Twentieth Century
Published in Arturo Castiglioni, A History of Medicine, 2019
The X-ray has permitted the precise and early diagnosis of reno-ureteral calculus with correspondingly better results in treatment. The first X-ray diagnosis of a renal calculus was made in 1897 by James adams, a Glasgow surgeon, who operated on this case successfully. A pioneer in roentgenology of the urinary tract was James mcintyre. Later the American Robert abbe and the English fenwick made further progress in the field of diagnosis. Charles J. leonard developed a technique by which he detected renal calculus in one hundred out of one hundred and thirty-six cases. In 1897 T. tuffier (1871–1929), of Paris, advocated radioscopy of the ureter after the passage of a middle catheter. F. voelcker and A. von lichtenberg recommended the injection of bismuth suspension, rendering kidney, pelvis, and ureter opaque to X-rays, suggesting this method for the diagnosis of hydronephrosis and of tumours of the kidney. In 1908 J. albarran published his experiences in this field, and later von Lichtenberg introduced the injection of collargol solution, thus successfully inaugurating ureteropyelography. There was a serious danger, however, which prevented a widespread use of the method: namely, that the substances to be injected were all toxic. In 1918 Donald F. cameron proposed the substitution of a twenty-five per cent solution of sodium or potassium iodide for the silver solutions, and later advised the use of a 13.5 per cent solution of sodium bromide, with excellent results.
Transient receptor potential canonical 6 knockdown ameliorated diabetic kidney disease by inhibiting nuclear factor of activated T cells 2 expression in glomerular mesangial cells
Published in Renal Failure, 2022
Jian Yu, Chunchun Li, Lisha Ma, Bin Zhai, Aiping Xu, Decui Shao
Thirteen-week-old male SD rats were obtained from Nanjing Qinglongshan Animal Pasture. These rats were fed in a specific-pathogen-free environment at a temperature of 22 °C with a 12-h light/dark cycle. Standard diet and water were provided. All rats were given free access to water and food. The experimental animal protocol of this study obtained consent from the Animal Welfare and Ethics Committee of Wannan Medical College (LLSC-2020-145). Intraperitoneal injection of STZ in citrate buffer (0.1 mol/L, pH 4.4) at 45 mg/kg body weight was used to induce diabetes in rats, and the equivalent amount of sodium citrate buffer was administered to the control group. STZ-injected rats with fasting blood glucose >16.7 mmol/L were designated as diabetic rats. Thirty diabetic rats were randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 15/group): the DM + Ad-null group (diabetic rats injected with negative control (NC) adenovirus) and the DM + Ad-shRNA-TRPC6 group (diabetic rats injected with TRPC6 shRNA adenovirus). Normal rats injected with NC adenovirus were designated the Ctrl + Ad-null group (n = 14). Adenovirus was injected into the left kidney via the kidney pelvis at a dose (HBAAV2/9-r-TRPC6 shRNA-null: 1.7 × 1012 vg/mL, HBAAV2/9-NULL NC: 1.8 × 1012 vg/mL). Fasting blood glucose and body weight were measured every two weeks. Rats were sacrificed 8 weeks after adenovirus injection.
Dose-response for assessing the cancer risk of inorganic arsenic in drinking water: the scientific basis for use of a threshold approach
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Joyce S. Tsuji, Ellen T. Chang, P. Robinan Gentry, Harvey J. Clewell, Paolo Boffetta, Samuel M. Cohen
Some studies suggest a relationship between inorganic arsenic exposure and cancers of the kidney, liver, and prostate, but these associations, if any, are much less well documented, and may be confounded by other factors (e.g. hepatitis for liver cancer). However, a study by Ferreccio et al. (2013) in a Chilean population demonstrated that the increased risk of kidney cancer was related to an increased risk of kidney pelvis urothelial carcinomas, not renal cell carcinomas. These urothelial tumors arise from the same epithelium that extends from the kidney pelvis to the ureters to the urinary bladder, and they are likely the result of similar processes as those leading to the increased incidence of urinary bladder tumors in populations exposed to high levels of inorganic arsenic in the drinking water.
Salvage minimally invasive robotic and laparoscopic pyeloplasty in adults: a systematic review
Published in Arab Journal of Urology, 2022
Mai Elaarag, Hind Alashi, Maya Aldeeb, Ibrahim Khalil, Ahmad R. Al-Qudimat, Abdelhamed Mansour, Abdulla A Al-Ansari, Omar M. Aboumarzouk
Phrases used for the Medical Subject Heading [MeSH] search included: (((“Pyeloplasty’ [MeSH]) AND ‘Adult’ [MeSH]) AND ‘Redo’ [MeSH]) OR ‘Secondary’ [MeSH] OR ‘Salvage’ [MeSH], ‘Pyeloplasty’(Mesh) AND ‘Laparoscopy’(Mesh), and ‘Robotic’(Mesh) AND ‘Kidney Pelvis’(Mesh).