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Alimentary Tract
Published in George W. Casarett, Radiation Histopathology, 2019
With small or moderate doses there may be increased secretion of mucus (so called mucus degeneration) associated with distention of goblet cells by secretion and sometimes with increased numbers of mucus-containing cells, especially in the large intestine. This results in viscous masses filling the intestinal lumen. Distention of cells and glands with mucus may be seen (Figure 8C). However, still larger doses may result in the disappearance of goblet cells.
Macromolecular Absorption From The Digestive Tract In Young Vertebrates
Published in Károly Baintner, Intestinal Absorption of Macromolecules and Immune Transmission from Mother to Young, 2019
Ingested colostrum crosses the epithelial lining in membrane-bound vacuoles that are emptied into the intercellular spaces.264 In the newborn piglet,519,1035,1318 kid, and kitten,1480 the spaces between and below the enterocytes are remarkably dilated both before and after the first feeding.1035 The spaces protrude towards the intestinal lumen between adjacent enterocytes, eventually up to the terminal bar which closes the way of direct communication between the intestinal lumen and interstitial fluid. In some places eosin affinity and electron density of the interstitial liquor is higher than usual, apparently due to the admixture of colostral proteins.519
3.0: The development of gastric systems in children
Published in Clarissa Martin, Terence Dovey, Angela Southall, Clarissa Martin, Paediatric Gastrointestinal Disorders, 2019
Shomik Ghosal, Adrian G Martin
Prior to birth the GI tract is sterile; however, within a few hours of birth a plethora of microorganisms begin by populating the mouth and eventually encompassing the whole length of the tract. There are several factors such as the mode of delivery, maternal microbiota or infant’s diet that determine which microorganisms the infant is exposed to. After birth the intestinal lumen begins interaction with a new environment that is very complex and it contains nutrients in various concentrations (Sanderson, 2008).
Emerging drugs for the treatment of clostridium difficile
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2019
Giovanni Cammarota, Antonella Gallo, Gianluca Ianiro, Massimo Montalto
In particular, gut microbiota may impact C. difficile invasion of the intestinal tract via the transformation of bile acids, which have profound effects on spore germination and vegetative growth of C. difficile in vitro. Humans synthesize two main primary bile acids, cholate and chenodeoxycholate (CDCA), which are conjugated to an amino acid (glycine or taurine). Bile salt hydrolase enzymes that are produced by bacteria in the intestinal tract insure that all of the bile acids are deconjugated from their amino acid in the intestinal lumen. Furthermore, bacteria mediate the transformation of primary bile acids to secondary bile acids via the enzyme 7-dehydroxylase, converting cholate and CDCA into deoxycholate and lithocholate, respectively. Thus, the intestinal microbiota plays a profound role in the bile composition of the intestine and may impact the antimicrobial properties of bile [45]. Specifically, primary bile salts as well as their metabolites can have direct effects on C. difficile, primarily affecting germination of spores as well as the activity of vegetative cells. The balance of the positive and negative effects of biliary compounds on C. difficile, which in turn reflect the overall community structure of the gut microbiota, may determine the ultimate clinical outcome of C. difficile exposure [45]. In theory, inhibiting the initiation of C. difficile spore germination using analogs of chenodeoxycholic acid, could represent an interesting possible strategy development of therapeutic targeting.
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: intestinal pathogenesis mechanisms and colonization resistance by gut microbiota
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Yucheng Zhang, Peng Tan, Ying Zhao, Xi Ma
Subsequently, vesicles were internalized depending on lipid rafts.81 Once within the cells, these vesicles transferred LT to the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm. Then, A1 subunit was hydrolyzed by protease and released from A2 subunit. Consequently, A subunit with ADP ribosylating transferase activity catalyzes stimulates G protein α subunit (GSα), activating adenylate cyclase (AC) and leading to the increase of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP).82 Following, cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) is activated, leading the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) being opened. As a result, electrolytes and water are secreted into the intestinal lumen.
The transferability of the minimal invasive surgeon’s skills to open surgery
Published in Scandinavian Journal of Urology, 2022
Maria Ordell Sundelin, Charlotte Paltved, Pernille Skjold Kingo, Linea Blichert-Refsgaard, Maria S. Lindgren, Henrik Kjölhede, Jørgen Bjerggaard Jensen
For the final study test, study subjects performed a final exam on a euthanized pig, consisting of a small bowel end-to-end anastomosis using the hand-sewn technique. Procedure time was registered and following the procedure, intestines were harvested, and leak pressure tested. Leak pressure was assessed by occluding the bowel 3 cm from the anastomosis. The other end of the intestinal lumen was attached to a tube connected to a 1 liter water bag.