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Water Balance, Electrolyte Balance, and Hydration
Published in Charles Paul Lambert, Physiology and Nutrition for Amateur Wrestling, 2020
Once the student-athlete “passes” the Hydration Test, he or she is ready for body composition testing. Usually, this is done by way of body density and specifically with skin fold calipers and appropriate equations for wrestlers (age and gender dependent) to calculate body fat % and fat-free mass %. At the high-school level, if the student-athlete/parent is not satisfied with the result they can retest body composition with hydrostatic weighing (underwater weighing) or whole body plethysmography (Bod-Pod). The lowest acceptable body fat in high school is 7% for boys and 12% for girls. In college the lowest acceptable body fat for men is 5%. After this “Alpha-Test” an athlete can lose 1.5% of bodyweight per week until they reach the lowest weight class where they would be closest to the lowest acceptable body fat (OHSAA Handbook 2018-2019; Gibbs et al. 2009).
Lifestyle Medicine Clinical Processes
Published in James M. Rippe, Lifestyle Medicine, 2019
Measures of fitness include utilizing BMI, waist circumference, and waist/hip ratio measurements to evaluate physical status. Additionally, multiple options are available for body composition assessments, including skinfold measurements, bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA), and dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). With skinfold measurement using calipers, formulas are used to derive measurement that are about 2–3.5% of that obtained in hydrostatic weighing, the gold standard for body composition assessment; however, they can be as high as 8% if the evaluator is inexperienced or using poor technique. BIA measures electrical signals as they pass through fat, lean mass, and water in the body to assess leanness; the BIA accuracy is based primarily on the machine and validity of the prediction algorithms. DXA may be an option for those who have local access, as it ranks among the most accurate and precise methods and can identify regional body-fat distribution. These measurements help differentiate between overweight and overfat, identifying whether the excess weight is due to either fat mass or lean tissue, which is of value when combined with the basic measurements of weight, BMI, and waist circumference.
The Genetic Alibi
Published in Roy J. Shephard, Obesity: A Kinesiologist’s Perspective, 2018
Hainer et al. [21] studied the response to a dietary regimen (a limitation of food intake to 1.6 MJ/day for 28 days) in 14 monozygotic female twin-pairs (average age 39 years). Although there were substantial inter-pair differences in response, they also noted a strong within-pair correlation with regard to decreases in body mass (r = 0.85) and body fat (r = 0.88), the latter being assessed objectively by hydrostatic weighing. Their data could possibly point to inherited differences of metabolic efficiency between twin-pairs (for instance, differences in the proportions of white and brown fat), but as the authors acknowledge, it could also reflect inter-pair differences in patterns of habitual physical activity. Using monozygotic and dizygotic twin-pairs, Bouchard and Tremblay also reported that genetic factors had a marked influence upon changes in body composition during periods of deliberate overfeeding or dietary restriction [6].
Time following ingestion does not influence the validity of telemetry pill measurements of core temperature during exercise-heat stress: The journal Temperature toolbox
Published in Temperature, 2021
Sean R. Notley, Robert D. Meade, Glen P. Kenny
During the screening visit, standing height, body mass, body surface area, body density, and peak oxygen consumption were determined. Body surface area was derived from measures of standing height (model 2391, Detecto, Webb City, MO, USA) and body mass (IND560, Mettler Toledo Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada) [10]. Body density was measured using the hydrostatic weighing technique and used to estimate body fat percentage [11]. Indirect calorimetry was used to quantify peak oxygen consumption (MCD Medgraphics Ultima Series, MGC Diagnostics, MN, USA) during an incremental exercise to volitional fatigue on a semi-recumbent cycle ergometer (Corival, Lode B.V., Groningen, Netherlands).
Use of allometry and skinfold thicknesses to estimate the fat mass of circumpubertal boys
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2020
Pedro Pugliesi Abdalla, Gustavo André Borges, Anderson dos Santos Carvalho, Franciane Goes Borges, Vitor Antonio Assis Alves Siqueira, Nilo César Ramos, Dalmo Roberto Lopes Machado
Model 1, therefore, presented positive allometry (b > 1.0) (Calder 1984), since it portrayed an inequality ratio relationship between the variables. That is, when there was an increase of total FM in the body – the accumulation in the region of the extremities, or in the trunk, where the SF are located – it occurred in an even more elevated way. Previous studies have portrayed the pattern of fat distribution in these two regions (extremities and trunk) in young at the beginning of maturation. Deutsch et al. (1985) demonstrated that in 14-year-old boys (n = 527), as there is a higher accumulation of FM, the distribution is larger in the trunk compared to the extremities, that is, there is centripetal distribution. However, this behaviour is not visible in 12-year-old girls (n = 455) (Deutsch et al. 1985). In young subjects aged 7–30 years (n = 480), the fat distribution pattern was studied using principal component analysis (APC), which describes the dimensions of variation of the distribution of the subcutaneous adipose tissue (Baumgartner et al. 1986). The measured SF were: AB, SI, MA, SE, TR, BI, TH and MC. The total FM was estimated from hydrostatic weighing. Young people were divided by gender, maturation (pre-pubertal, recent puberty, adolescent and adult) and ethnicity (Black and White). Regardless of ethnicity, for young adolescents, the FM is distributed centripetally, with a greater magnitude when compared to the distribution of FM at the extremities. Therefore, the SF of the trunk presented higher values compared to the SF of the extremities. The same did not occur in females, regardless of ethnicity or maturation. This pattern of FM distribution for male adolescents was able to explain, in part, the variation in the total amount of FM.
Effects of exercise-heat stress on circulating stress hormones and interleukin-6 in young and older men
Published in Temperature, 2020
Antonia Kaltsatou, Sean R. Notley, Glen P. Kenny
During the preliminary session, standing height, body mass, body density and peak aerobic power (V̇O2peak) were measured. Height and body mass were measured using an eye-level stadiometer (Detecto, model 2391, Webb City, MO, USA) and a high-performance digital weighing terminal (model CBU150X, Mettler Toledo Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada), respectively, and used to estimate body surface area [7]. Body fat percentage was calculated from body density [8], which was determined using the hydrostatic weighing technique. V̇O2peak was determined during an incremental semi-recumbent cycling exercise test [9].