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Compression Neuropathy
Published in J. Terrence Jose Jerome, Clinical Examination of the Hand, 2022
Vijay A Malshikare, J Terrence Jose Jerome
Ultrasound visualizes various aetiologies causing nerve entrapments such as extensor carpi radialis brevis tears, masses/tumors, ganglion cysts, occult fractures, degeneration of the lateral compartment of the humeroradial joint, instability of the lateral radial ligament, vascular structures, surrounding tissues and iatrogenic causes.
Applications of Placenta-Derived Cells in Veterinary Medicine
Published in Ornella Parolini, Antonietta Silini, Placenta, 2016
Barbara Barboni, Valentina Russo, Paolo Berardinelli, Aurelio Muttini, Mauro Mattioli
However, this empirical use of cell products applied in a variety of pathological conditions mainly in horses, dogs, and cats has not really enhanced knowledge on of the properties and mechanisms of these innovative therapeutic procedures for the care of animals. The major clinical outcomes generated by this widespread practice are represented by anecdotal and case reports. Although the animal cell products have been commercially available since 2003, few studies have documented the scientific improvement promoted by the injection of autologous cells collected by AT. In particular, two double-blinded controlled and multicenter studies performed on 21 (Black et al. 2007) and 39 dogs (Cuervo et al. 2014) affected by coxofemoral osteoarthritis (OA), and two clinical trials involving 14 recruited dogs with humeroradial joint OA (Black et al. 2008) and 10 dogs with severe hip OA (Vilar et al. 2014) have been published. The guidance void, and in parallel the widespread availability of cell products available in the United States, have fueled a large debate that involves the Veterinary Scientific Association and the Food and Drug Administration. Currently, the regulatory agency that has jurisdiction on development and approval of veterinary products has neither halted nor approved any veterinary stem cell therapy. Stakeholders now expect guidance from the regulatory agencies that should streamline the approval of cell treatments but also take into account the specificity of the veterinary field and the limited economic resources related to animal health and advances in veterinary medical care.
Effect of the medial collateral ligament and the lateral ulnar collateral ligament injury on elbow stability: a finite element analysis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Fang Wang, Shuoqi Jia, Mingxin Li, Kui Pan, Jianguo Zhang, Yubo Fan
Takatori et al. (Takatori et al. 2002) performed a biomechanical experiment in upper limb cadavers. They selected 15 elbows taken from cadavers and removed the soft tissues of muscles, tendons and skin, retaining ligaments and joint capsule. The elbow, in the neutral forearm position, was fixed in a pressure-loading device and the humerus was respectively applied pressure from 98 N to 490 N (98 N, 196 N, 294 N, 392 N, 490 N). The stress distribution of the humeroradial joint was measured by pressure-sensitive film and a tactile sensor. Our study constructed a FE model of elbow and performed a statics simulation, where the boundary and load of the simulation were defined according to that experiment. The humerus was full fixed at the neutral forearm position. The ulna and radius were fixed in all direction except the movement to proximal humeral. Pressure from 98 N to 490 N was applied to the section of humerus. The stress of the humeroradial joint contact surface was measured. Then the simulation values of this study were compared with the experimental data to verify the validity of the model.
Detection of synovial inflammation in rheumatic diseases using superb microvascular imaging: Comparison with conventional power Doppler imaging
Published in Modern Rheumatology, 2018
Kazuhiro Yokota, Takuma Tsuzuki Wada, Yuji Akiyama, Toshihide Mimura
SMI and cPDI signals were assessed in the joints of both hands (metacarpophalangeal [MCP], proximal interphalangeal [PIP], and interphalangeal [IP] joints), the wrists, elbows, and knees (total 26 joints) using a 9.0 or 18.0 MHz linear transducer (Aplio 300, Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation, Tochigi, Japan). In detail, in the finger joint regions, the 1st to 5th MCP, 2nd to 5th PIP joints, and IP joints were scanned in the longitudinal plane over the dorsal aspect. In the wrist joint regions, the radiocarpal and intercarpal joints, and the distal ulna were scanned in the longitudinal plane over the dorsal aspect. In the elbow joint regions, the humeroradial joints were scanned in the longitudinal plane over the anterior aspect, and humeroulnar joints were scanned in the longitudinal plane over the anterior and lateral aspects. In the knee joint regions, the femorotibial joints were scanned in the longitudinal plane over the anterior, medial and lateral aspects. This study was performed in a daily practice environment. Therefore, using both SMI and cPDI to scan a large number of joints is time-consuming and would unrealistically impair feasibility. Recently, Yoshimi et al. reported that eight selected joints, including the bilateral wrist, knee, and the second and third MCP joints, are sufficient for monitoring the activity of RA in daily practice [10]. Accordingly, we assessed the bilateral wrist, knee, and MCP joints, and we added the PIP, IP, and elbow joints, which are many patients required and relatively easy to assess. SMI and cPDI were performed using a pulse repetition frequency set at 220–234 Hz and 870–966 Hz, respectively. A color-coded SMI, which shows blood flow in a color display, was used. The color gain was automatically set to 40 dB, which adequately suppressed the background color. The synovial SMI and cPDI signals were scored on a semi-quantitative scale of 0 to 3 (0: no synovial blood flow signal); 1: mild (≤3 signals within the synovial hypertrophy); 2: moderate (>3 signals in less than one-half of the synovial hypertrophy); and 3: marked (signals in more than one-half of the synovial hypertrophy) [6]. Each joint/joint region was scored for synovial SMI and cPDI signals on a scale from 0 to 3 (representative imaging of each grade [0 to 3] by SMI is presented in Figure 1). A global index for the total SMI and cPDI scores (the sum of synovial SMI or cPDI signal score obtained for each evaluated joint/joint region; 0 to 114) was calculated for each patient.