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Control of Movement and Posture
Published in Nassir H. Sabah, Neuromuscular Fundamentals, 2020
When forces other than gravity act on the body, the body can be in a stable position, with the vertical projection of the COM falling outside the BOS. In Figure 13.5d, where the person is holding to a rope attached to a wall, the vertical projection of the COM falls outside the BOS, but the tension in the rope provides a counter torque that balances the body. A gymnast doing a handstand with the body in a horizontal position is balancing his body by the forces developed by his core and leg muscles, while the vertical projection of the COM falls outside the BOS provided by the hands.
Lecoq
Published in Mark Evans, Konstantinos Thomaidis, Libby Worth, Time and Performer Training, 2019
10 July 2015 – Ayse remembers the experience of acrobatics, caught in timeless moments of holding a handstand, throwing herself through a backflip. Timing and timelessness. We talk about how the neutral mask creates time for you, opens up time and timing as something physical, something understood through the body. The fundamental journey, an exercise through several environments undertaken in the neutral mask, also takes place over time, from dawn to dusk.
General concepts for applied exercise physiology
Published in Nick Draper, Helen Marshall, Exercise Physiology, 2014
Physiologists describe three distinct components of fitness that most readily relate to the skilful aspects of a sport and these are balance, agility and coordination. In a sports performance context, these motor control aspects are perhaps more meaningfully combined and described as dynamic balance. In a health context, these three aspects are less often monitored as, in general, they have less relevance to the activities of daily life than components such as aerobic endurance and body composition. Balance is the ability to hold a static position such as a handstand for a length of time under control, while agility relates to a moving form of balance such that an agile athlete is able to make a series of movements but remain in balance. Coordination is the ability to effect efficient movements to achieve a goal. As individual components, they have a varying relationship to all sports depending upon the activity, but are perhaps more meaningful when combined as ‘dynamic balance’. In a sporting context this refers to the ability to use skilful co-ordinated movement to maintain position or make progress on land, on or in water, or in the air. Balance and agility, as part of this movement are fundamental to the skilful aspects of any particular sport. There are similarities between the dynamic balance demands of some sports such as boxing, karate and taekwondo; or surfing, skiing and snowboarding; or football, rugby and field hockey. As a skill-related component of fitness, dynamic balance retains a uniqueness to it that requires practice of that specific activity to improve coordination, balance and agility.
Wavelet-based semblance analysis to determine muscle synergy for different handstand postures of Chilean circus athletes
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2021
Mailyn Calderón-Díaz, Ricardo Ulloa-Jiménez, Carolina Saavedra, Rodrigo Salas
Control of the bipedal position constitutes the basis for the execution of motor tasks involved in day-to-day activities, sporting practices, and physical training (Cerda 2010). Within these physical activities, there are non-habitual body postures that create a greater demand for muscular and joint stability, where corporal strategies are modified relative to the bipedal position (Glassman 2004; Paeth Rohlfs 2006). Among these postures we find the inverted posture (handstand), which is widely practiced in athletic disciplines like gymnastics, yoga, pilates, and in circus performance. The inverted posture is considered in athletic literature and practice as one of the most important abilities to master, as much for beginners as for high-level gymnasts (Uzunov 2008). Gymnasts train continuously from the first years of their physical development (Kochanowicz et al. 2018, 2019) and learn the handstand in order to use it in other exercises or under more difficult conditions (Hedbávný et al. 2013). Therefore, it is a posture done for long periods of time throughout the day.
Sports-Related Motor Processing at Different Rates of Force Development
Published in Journal of Motor Behavior, 2022
Nils Flüthmann, Kouki Kato, Jonas Breuer, Oliver Bloch, Tobias Vogt
Individuals control movements by integrating internal and external sensory information and elicit the necessary signals to recruit muscles. For example, when performing a handstand, gymnasts estimate and counter the upswing momentum to balance their center of mass right over the palms which act as the base of support. In this scenario, there are several computational issues for the brain to solve, e.g., coordinate the right muscle fibers and inhibit irrelevant sensory feedback (redundancy & noise), adjust muscle activity based on delayed feedback and nonlinear muscle force output (delay & nonlinearity), and estimate the ground response forces (uncertainty). Thus, a multimodal process combines multisensory integration, signal processing, coordination, biomechanics, and cognition, and is often termed as sensorimotor control (Franklin & Wolpert, 2011; Ramachandran, 2002; Rosenbaum, 1991). By extracting the required movement parameters for which brain dynamics are, inter alia, assumed to be functionally related to (Cheron et al., 2015), electroencephalography (EEG) recordings constitute a noninvasive method to follow neuronal oscillations during complex muscle activities. However, due to movement artifacts and the absence of standardized methods to investigate real-world sports performance, our current understanding of oscillatory motor task signatures during dynamic motor actions remains very limited. A promising approach for artifact removal is to regress channel-based artifact templates (Gwin et al., 2010), though it requires repetitive cyclic movements to receive suitable movement-related artifact templates. To address certain acyclic movements (e.g., handstand, racket serving, etc.), we designed a visually guided isometric motor task involving sensorimotor control and determined transferable movement parameters that can be applied to real sporting activity in upcoming studies.